{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415004350","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mlcad65511.2025.11189164","title":"BeyondPPA: Human-Inspired Reinforcement Learning for Post-Route Reliability-Aware Macro Placement","display_name":"BeyondPPA: Human-Inspired Reinforcement Learning for Post-Route Reliability-Aware Macro Placement","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-09-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415004350","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mlcad65511.2025.11189164"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mlcad65511.2025.11189164","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mlcad65511.2025.11189164","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 ACM/IEEE 7th Symposium on Machine Learning for CAD (MLCAD)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5118659689","display_name":"Ishraq Tashdid","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106165777","display_name":"University of Central Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/036nfer12","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ishraq Tashdid","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Central Florida,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Orlando,FL,USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Central Florida,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Orlando,FL,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119925243","display_name":"Valentina Terry","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106165777","display_name":"University of Central Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/036nfer12","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Valentina Terry","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Central Florida,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Orlando,FL,USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Central Florida,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Orlando,FL,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109859183","display_name":"J. Merkel","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106165777","display_name":"University of Central Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/036nfer12","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jordan Merkel","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Central Florida,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Orlando,FL,USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Central Florida,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Orlando,FL,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027003944","display_name":"Tasnuva Farheen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2057-7435"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121820613","display_name":"Louisiana State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ect4e57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121820613"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tasnuva Farheen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Louisiana State University,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Baton Rouge,LA,USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Louisiana State University,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Baton Rouge,LA,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121820613"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089960356","display_name":"M. Sazadur Rahman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1045-9785"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106165777","display_name":"University of Central Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/036nfer12","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sazadur Rahman","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Central Florida,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Orlando,FL,USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Central Florida,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Orlando,FL,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5118659689"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.6083,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84968811,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"12"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12784","display_name":"Modular Robots and Swarm Intelligence","score":0.7483000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12784","display_name":"Modular Robots and Swarm Intelligence","score":0.7483000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11741","display_name":"Flexible and Reconfigurable Manufacturing Systems","score":0.6948000192642212,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11450","display_name":"Model-Driven Software Engineering Techniques","score":0.6248999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/macro","display_name":"Macro","score":0.6603000164031982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.590499997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/placement","display_name":"Placement","score":0.5626999735832214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristics","display_name":"Heuristics","score":0.5289999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intuition","display_name":"Intuition","score":0.38999998569488525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boosting","display_name":"Boosting (machine learning)","score":0.3774000108242035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.36500000953674316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedding","display_name":"Embedding","score":0.34779998660087585}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.669700026512146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166955791","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629579","display_name":"Macro","level":2,"score":0.6603000164031982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.590499997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117690923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1484784","display_name":"Placement","level":4,"score":0.5626999735832214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127705205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5748245","display_name":"Heuristics","level":2,"score":0.5289999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132010649","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189222","display_name":"Intuition","level":2,"score":0.38999998569488525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46686674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466303","display_name":"Boosting (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.3774000108242035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.36500000953674316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.34779998660087585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74172769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1446839","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","level":2,"score":0.334199994802475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165005293","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074500","display_name":"Chip","level":2,"score":0.32739999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.3264000117778778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.31279999017715454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3770464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775963","display_name":"Smoothing","level":2,"score":0.29989999532699585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.29350000619888306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.28700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.28369998931884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.28220000863075256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.25940001010894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152124472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1204361","display_name":"Redundancy (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.2581000030040741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.2578999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118021083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q610398","display_name":"System on a chip","level":2,"score":0.2554999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.2531999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.2508000135421753}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/mlcad65511.2025.11189164","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mlcad65511.2025.11189164","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 ACM/IEEE 7th Symposium on Machine Learning for CAD (MLCAD)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1973505932","https://openalex.org/W2109081759","https://openalex.org/W2176803757","https://openalex.org/W2400294317","https://openalex.org/W2501617859","https://openalex.org/W2884307971","https://openalex.org/W2945592068","https://openalex.org/W3143507316","https://openalex.org/W3171752851","https://openalex.org/W4280492458","https://openalex.org/W4321511798","https://openalex.org/W4353031976","https://openalex.org/W4353031982","https://openalex.org/W4390097311","https://openalex.org/W4392678433","https://openalex.org/W4403682262","https://openalex.org/W4408151633","https://openalex.org/W4411713566"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Macros":[0],"are":[1],"pre-designed":[2],"IP":[3],"blocks\u2014including":[4],"memory":[5],"arrays,":[6],"analog":[7],"circuits,":[8],"and":[9,33,47,57,73,108,121,150,176],"custom":[10],"accelerators\u2014that":[11],"occupy":[12],"large,":[13],"fixed-shaped":[14],"regions":[15],"within":[16],"a":[17,45,86],"chip":[18],"layout.":[19],"Their":[20],"placement":[21,43,89],"critically":[22],"impacts":[23],"system-on-chip":[24],"(SoC)":[25],"reliability":[26],"by":[27,133,139,144,148,153],"affecting":[28],"power":[29],"integrity,":[30],"clock":[31,58,131,137],"distribution,":[32],"signal":[34],"robustness.":[35],"Despite":[36],"advances":[37],"in":[38,76],"commercial":[39],"EDA":[40],"tools,":[41],"macro":[42],"remains":[44],"challenging":[46],"manual":[48],"task,":[49],"often":[50],"leading":[51],"to":[52,135,156],"routing":[53],"congestion,":[54],"IR":[55,142],"drop,":[56],"skew.":[59],"While":[60],"reinforcement":[61],"learning":[62],"(RL)":[63],"techniques":[64],"show":[65],"promise,":[66],"they":[67],"frequently":[68],"lack":[69],"the":[70,97,115,125],"structural":[71],"intuition":[72],"constraint-awareness":[74],"seen":[75],"expert":[77],"designs.":[78],"To":[79],"bridge":[80],"this":[81],"gap,":[82],"we":[83],"propose":[84],"BeyondPPA,":[85],"human-inspired":[87],"RL":[88,167],"framework":[90],"that":[91,162],"integrates":[92],"practical":[93],"layout":[94],"heuristics":[95],"into":[96,166],"agent\u2019s":[98],"reward":[99],"function\u2014including":[100],"macro-grid":[101],"alignment,":[102],"IO":[103],"keepout":[104],"enforcement,":[105],"corner":[106],"biasing,":[107],"density":[109],"balancing.":[110],"These":[111,159],"spatial":[112],"priors":[113],"guide":[114],"agent":[116],"toward":[117],"producing":[118],"more":[119],"routable":[120],"reliable":[122],"layouts.":[123],"On":[124],"ISPD":[126],"benchmark":[127],"suite,":[128],"BeyondPPA":[129],"reduces":[130],"latency":[132],"up":[134],"21.3%,":[136],"uncertainty":[138],"23.2%,":[140],"average":[141],"drop":[143],"57.2%,":[145],"EM":[146],"violations":[147],"30.4%,":[149],"glitch":[151],"voltage":[152],"9.2\u00d7":[154],"compared":[155],"state-of-the-art":[157],"baselines.":[158],"gains":[160],"highlight":[161],"embedding":[163],"designer-inspired":[164],"rules":[165],"not":[168],"only":[169],"sustains":[170],"competitive":[171],"PPA":[172],"metrics\u2014achieving":[173],"1.43%":[174],"wirelength":[175],"3.93%":[177],"congestion":[178],"reduction\u2014but":[179],"also":[180],"significantly":[181],"improves":[182],"post-routing":[183],"reliability,":[184],"essential":[185],"for":[186],"manufacturable":[187],"SoCs.":[188]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-07T16:01:11.037858","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
