{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3185554909","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mlcad52597.2021.9531281","title":"Dynamic Transformer for Efficient Machine Translation on Embedded Devices","display_name":"Dynamic Transformer for Efficient Machine Translation on Embedded Devices","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-08-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3185554909","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mlcad52597.2021.9531281","mag":"3185554909"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mlcad52597.2021.9531281","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mlcad52597.2021.9531281","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 ACM/IEEE 3rd Workshop on Machine Learning for CAD (MLCAD)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2107.08199","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018852650","display_name":"Hishan Parry","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43439940","display_name":"University of Southampton","ror":"https://ror.org/01ryk1543","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hishan Parry","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK","University of Southampton, School of Electronics and Computer Science, Southampton, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Southampton, School of Electronics and Computer Science, Southampton, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Lei Xun","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43439940","display_name":"University of Southampton","ror":"https://ror.org/01ryk1543","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei Xun","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK","University of Southampton, School of Electronics and Computer Science, Southampton, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Southampton, School of Electronics and Computer Science, Southampton, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035478022","display_name":"Amin Sabet","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2625-8344"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43439940","display_name":"University of Southampton","ror":"https://ror.org/01ryk1543","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amin Sabet","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK","University of Southampton, School of Electronics and Computer Science, Southampton, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Southampton, School of Electronics and Computer Science, Southampton, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087963759","display_name":"Jia Bi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3773-3289"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43439940","display_name":"University of Southampton","ror":"https://ror.org/01ryk1543","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jia Bi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK","University of Southampton, School of Electronics and Computer Science, Southampton, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Southampton, School of Electronics and Computer Science, Southampton, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067505586","display_name":"Jonathon Hare","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2921-4283"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43439940","display_name":"University of Southampton","ror":"https://ror.org/01ryk1543","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonathon Hare","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK","University of Southampton, School of Electronics and Computer Science, Southampton, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Southampton, School of Electronics and Computer Science, Southampton, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001556143","display_name":"Geoff V. Merrett","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4980-3894"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43439940","display_name":"University of Southampton","ror":"https://ror.org/01ryk1543","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Geoff V. Merrett","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK","University of Southampton *"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Southampton *","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.2799,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.63645254,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9904999732971191,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9904999732971191,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12326","display_name":"Network Packet Processing and Optimization","score":0.9853000044822693,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9833999872207642,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7802629470825195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.6765284538269043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scratch","display_name":"Scratch","score":0.6169134974479675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latency","display_name":"Latency (audio)","score":0.5993115305900574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-translation","display_name":"Machine translation","score":0.5427101254463196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/design-space-exploration","display_name":"Design space exploration","score":0.507583737373352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scaling","display_name":"Scaling","score":0.47835248708724976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.47735074162483215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.4309234023094177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.4050138592720032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.36033451557159424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.29715514183044434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.1437525451183319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.10454940795898438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.09100887179374695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.07068651914596558}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7802629470825195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.6765284538269043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781235140","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q275131","display_name":"Scratch","level":2,"score":0.6169134974479675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.5993115305900574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203005215","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79798","display_name":"Machine translation","level":2,"score":0.5427101254463196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776221188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21072556","display_name":"Design space exploration","level":2,"score":0.507583737373352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99844830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102441924","display_name":"Scaling","level":2,"score":0.47835248708724976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.47735074162483215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.4309234023094177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.4050138592720032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.36033451557159424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.29715514183044434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.1437525451183319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.10454940795898438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.09100887179374695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.07068651914596558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/mlcad52597.2021.9531281","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mlcad52597.2021.9531281","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 ACM/IEEE 3rd Workshop on Machine Learning for CAD (MLCAD)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2107.08199","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2107.08199","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2107.08199","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.soton.ac.uk:450548","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":"https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/450548/1/Dynamic_HAT_MLCAD_2021_Accepted.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401019","display_name":"ePrints Soton (University of Southampton)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I43439940","host_organization_name":"University of Southampton","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Conference or Workshop Item"},{"id":"mag:3185554909","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2107.08199","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","raw_type":null},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2107.08199","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2107.08199","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2107.08199","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2107.08199","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2107.08199","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4587427570","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/S030069/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2101105183","https://openalex.org/W2764043458","https://openalex.org/W2962861284","https://openalex.org/W2963122961","https://openalex.org/W2963341956","https://openalex.org/W2963403868","https://openalex.org/W2964299589","https://openalex.org/W2994749257","https://openalex.org/W3006683367","https://openalex.org/W3012511001","https://openalex.org/W3035251378","https://openalex.org/W3101731278","https://openalex.org/W3128371468","https://openalex.org/W3162309234","https://openalex.org/W3175549063","https://openalex.org/W6677580257","https://openalex.org/W6739901393","https://openalex.org/W6745148473","https://openalex.org/W6755207826","https://openalex.org/W6767064347","https://openalex.org/W6774054309","https://openalex.org/W6775706467","https://openalex.org/W6778067029","https://openalex.org/W6794716787","https://openalex.org/W6898505805"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3203418542","https://openalex.org/W2264258177","https://openalex.org/W2263026745","https://openalex.org/W2315179163","https://openalex.org/W3140491875","https://openalex.org/W2163257571","https://openalex.org/W2991040477","https://openalex.org/W2615432139","https://openalex.org/W2953004927","https://openalex.org/W2533980075","https://openalex.org/W2769798155","https://openalex.org/W2904902613","https://openalex.org/W2183991724","https://openalex.org/W2904283553","https://openalex.org/W2519067463","https://openalex.org/W3083104827","https://openalex.org/W2952859565","https://openalex.org/W2810449665","https://openalex.org/W2604491648","https://openalex.org/W2996960515"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,53,75,89,162],"Transformer":[1,42],"architecture":[2,43],"is":[3,91,130],"widely":[4],"used":[5],"for":[6,66,176,188,195,202],"machine":[7,36],"translation":[8,37],"tasks.":[9],"However,":[10,137],"its":[11],"resource-intensive":[12],"nature":[13],"makes":[14],"it":[15,155],"challenging":[16],"to":[17,64,138,153,156],"implement":[18],"on":[19,45,86,93],"constrained":[20],"embedded":[21],"devices,":[22],"particularly":[23],"where":[24],"available":[25,47],"hardware":[26],"resources":[27,48],"can":[28,150],"vary":[29],"at":[30,49,72,83],"run-time.":[31],"We":[32],"propose":[33],"a":[34,58,109,119,157,169,185],"dynamic":[35],"model":[38],"that":[39],"scales":[40],"the":[41,46,62,81,94,98,106,127,144,147,180,196,203],"based":[44],"any":[50],"particular":[51],"time.":[52,74],"proposed":[54],"approach,":[55],"\u2018Dynamic-HAT\u2019,":[56],"uses":[57,100],"HAT":[59],"SuperTransformer":[60,82,107],"as":[61],"backbone":[63],"search":[65],"SubTransformers":[67,77,102,116],"with":[68,108,184],"different":[69],"accuracy-latency":[70],"trade-offs":[71],"design":[73,148,165,182],"optimal":[76],"are":[78],"sampled":[79,103],"from":[80,105,133,179],"run-time,":[84],"depending":[85],"latency":[87],"constraints.":[88],"Dynamic-HAT":[90],"tested":[92],"Jetson":[95],"Nano":[96],"and":[97,198],"approach":[99],"inherited":[101,115],"directly":[104],"switching":[110],"time":[111],"of":[112,123,146,159,173],"<1s.":[113],"Using":[114],"results":[117,167],"in":[118,142,168],"BLEU":[120,170],"score":[121,171],"loss":[122,141],"6":[124],"1.5%":[125],"because":[126],"SubTransformer":[128],"configuration":[129],"not":[131],"retrained":[132],"scratch":[134],"after":[135],"sampling.":[136],"recover":[139],"this":[140],"performance,":[143],"dimensions":[145],"space":[149,166],"be":[151],"reduced":[152,164],"tailor":[154],"family":[158],"target":[160],"hardware.":[161],"new":[163],"increase":[172],"approximately":[174],"1%":[175],"sub-optimal":[177],"models":[178],"original":[181],"space,":[183],"wide":[186],"range":[187],"performance":[189],"scaling":[190],"between":[191],"0.356s":[192],"-":[193,200],"1.526s":[194],"GPU":[197],"2.9s":[199],"7.31s":[201],"CPU.":[204]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}