{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413468859","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mits.2025.3592040","title":"Real-World Deployment and Assessment of a Multiagent Reinforcement Learning-Based Variable-Speed-Limit Control System","display_name":"Real-World Deployment and Assessment of a Multiagent Reinforcement Learning-Based Variable-Speed-Limit Control System","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-08-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413468859","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mits.2025.3592040"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mits.2025.3592040","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mits.2025.3592040","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S131000621","display_name":"IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Magazine","issn_l":"1939-1390","issn":["1939-1390","1941-1197"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Magazine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100321504","display_name":"Yuhang Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8408-2095"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200719446","display_name":"Vanderbilt University","ror":"https://ror.org/02vm5rt34","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210160740","display_name":"Integrated Software (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05dp7m259","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210160740"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yuhang Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Software Integrated Systems, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8408-2095","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Software Integrated Systems, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210160740","https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Zhiyao Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1085-1573"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200719446","display_name":"Vanderbilt University","ror":"https://ror.org/02vm5rt34","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210160740","display_name":"Integrated Software (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05dp7m259","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210160740"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiyao Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Software Integrated Systems, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1085-1573","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Software Integrated Systems, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210160740","https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101656410","display_name":"Junyi Ji","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200719446","display_name":"Vanderbilt University","ror":"https://ror.org/02vm5rt34","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210160740","display_name":"Integrated Software (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05dp7m259","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210160740"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junyi Ji","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Software Integrated Systems, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Software Integrated Systems, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210160740","https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035863735","display_name":"Marcos Qui\u00f1ones-Grueiro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5391-6774"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200719446","display_name":"Vanderbilt University","ror":"https://ror.org/02vm5rt34","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210160740","display_name":"Integrated Software (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05dp7m259","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210160740"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marcos Qui\u00f1ones-Grueiro","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Software Integrated Systems, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5391-6774","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Software Integrated Systems, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210160740","https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059421106","display_name":"William Barbour","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1368-3192"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200719446","display_name":"Vanderbilt University","ror":"https://ror.org/02vm5rt34","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210160740","display_name":"Integrated Software (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05dp7m259","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210160740"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"William Barbour","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Software Integrated Systems, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Software Integrated Systems, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210160740","https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025201295","display_name":"Derek Gloudemans","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0744-1362"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200719446","display_name":"Vanderbilt University","ror":"https://ror.org/02vm5rt34","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210160740","display_name":"Integrated Software (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05dp7m259","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210160740"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Derek Gloudemans","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Software Integrated Systems, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0744-1362","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Software Integrated Systems, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210160740","https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055333984","display_name":"Gergely Zach\u00e1r","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200719446","display_name":"Vanderbilt University","ror":"https://ror.org/02vm5rt34","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210160740","display_name":"Integrated Software (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05dp7m259","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210160740"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gergely Zach\u00e1r","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Software Integrated Systems, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Software Integrated Systems, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210160740","https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059318496","display_name":"Clay Weston","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1290463931","display_name":"Southwest Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03tghng59","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290463931"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Clay Weston","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intelligent Transportation Systems Department, Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intelligent Transportation Systems Department, Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290463931"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051150754","display_name":"Gautam Biswas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2752-3878"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200719446","display_name":"Vanderbilt University","ror":"https://ror.org/02vm5rt34","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210160740","display_name":"Integrated Software (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05dp7m259","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210160740"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gautam Biswas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Software Integrated Systems, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2752-3878","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Software Integrated Systems, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210160740","https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012556136","display_name":"Daniel B. Work","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0565-2158"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200719446","display_name":"Vanderbilt University","ror":"https://ror.org/02vm5rt34","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210160740","display_name":"Integrated Software (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05dp7m259","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210160740"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel B. Work","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Software Integrated Systems, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0565-2158","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Software Integrated Systems, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210160740","https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":10,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100321504"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200719446","https://openalex.org/I4210160740"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.5198,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96452971,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"2","first_page":"68","last_page":"85"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10462","display_name":"Reinforcement Learning in Robotics","score":0.696399986743927,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10462","display_name":"Reinforcement Learning in Robotics","score":0.696399986743927,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14011","display_name":"Elevator Systems and Control","score":0.6133000254631042,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10763","display_name":"Digital Transformation in Industry","score":0.5601999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.8123877048492432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.7573745250701904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/limit","display_name":"Limit (mathematics)","score":0.6336586475372314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variable","display_name":"Variable (mathematics)","score":0.5806418657302856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speed-limit","display_name":"Speed limit","score":0.5531085729598999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5221662521362305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.47654300928115845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-limits","display_name":"Control limits","score":0.42388394474983215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.36936241388320923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-engineering","display_name":"Control engineering","score":0.3319704532623291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2962801158428192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transport-engineering","display_name":"Transport engineering","score":0.09930485486984253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.0970291793346405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.06264039874076843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.056467920541763306}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.8123877048492432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.7573745250701904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151201525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177239","display_name":"Limit (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.6336586475372314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182365436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50701","display_name":"Variable (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5806418657302856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780210587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1077350","display_name":"Speed limit","level":2,"score":0.5531085729598999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5221662521362305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.47654300928115845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166623804","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165860","display_name":"Control limits","level":4,"score":0.42388394474983215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.36936241388320923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.3319704532623291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2962801158428192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.09930485486984253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0970291793346405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.06264039874076843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.056467920541763306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196985124","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1369242","display_name":"Control chart","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/mits.2025.3592040","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mits.2025.3592040","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S131000621","display_name":"IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Magazine","issn_l":"1939-1390","issn":["1939-1390","1941-1197"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Magazine","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2256596421","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"693JJ22140000Z44ATNREG3202","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306108","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Transportation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6034360568","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS-2135579","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8663351474","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RES2023-20","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313759","funder_display_name":"Tennessee Department of Transportation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306108","display_name":"U.S. Department of Transportation","ror":"https://ror.org/02xfw2e90"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313759","display_name":"Tennessee Department of Transportation","ror":"https://ror.org/03g8swq49"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":55,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1857301280","https://openalex.org/W1966166193","https://openalex.org/W1977502938","https://openalex.org/W1994722092","https://openalex.org/W1998938932","https://openalex.org/W2001901081","https://openalex.org/W2007561903","https://openalex.org/W2022689755","https://openalex.org/W2048145000","https://openalex.org/W2068627087","https://openalex.org/W2079676148","https://openalex.org/W2091386946","https://openalex.org/W2106355821","https://openalex.org/W2121984807","https://openalex.org/W2122723644","https://openalex.org/W2123362463","https://openalex.org/W2127909642","https://openalex.org/W2136272694","https://openalex.org/W2140941566","https://openalex.org/W2145339207","https://openalex.org/W2334963336","https://openalex.org/W2346806992","https://openalex.org/W2486236731","https://openalex.org/W2590522112","https://openalex.org/W2624924877","https://openalex.org/W2733886754","https://openalex.org/W2768629321","https://openalex.org/W2888744254","https://openalex.org/W2920836636","https://openalex.org/W2997370631","https://openalex.org/W3037164854","https://openalex.org/W3038088335","https://openalex.org/W3042354433","https://openalex.org/W3044015199","https://openalex.org/W3121342653","https://openalex.org/W3193464862","https://openalex.org/W4242702549","https://openalex.org/W4308068345","https://openalex.org/W4366999574","https://openalex.org/W4382463422","https://openalex.org/W4385257540","https://openalex.org/W4386285856","https://openalex.org/W4386435201","https://openalex.org/W4388320480","https://openalex.org/W4392160808","https://openalex.org/W4393973452","https://openalex.org/W4394597619","https://openalex.org/W4398147587","https://openalex.org/W4400189305","https://openalex.org/W4403106738","https://openalex.org/W4403936869","https://openalex.org/W4408696289","https://openalex.org/W4408713248","https://openalex.org/W4414446734","https://openalex.org/W7124178530"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2770234245","https://openalex.org/W96612179","https://openalex.org/W4229499248","https://openalex.org/W2566006169","https://openalex.org/W1567818861","https://openalex.org/W2987774938","https://openalex.org/W4256492088","https://openalex.org/W2805407311","https://openalex.org/W1925677724","https://openalex.org/W2173875951"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"article":[1],"presents":[2],"the":[3,102,105,109,113,118,121,140],"first":[4],"field":[5,43],"deployment":[6,44],"of":[7,49,77,101,120],"a":[8,30,38,42,46,127,146],"multiagent":[9],"reinforcement":[10],"learning":[11],"(MARL)-based":[12],"variable-":[13],"speed-limit":[14],"(VSL)":[15],"control":[16,143],"system":[17,56,144],"on":[18,45,59,70,134],"Interstate":[19],"24":[20],"(I-24)":[21],"near":[22],"Nashville,":[23],"TN,":[24],"USA.":[25],"We":[26,79,116],"design":[27],"and":[28,63,86],"demonstrate":[29],"full":[31],"pipeline":[32],"from":[33],"training":[34],"MARL":[35,110],"agents":[36],"in":[37,74,124],"traffic":[39],"simulator":[40],"to":[41,90,99,126],"17-mi":[47],"segment":[48],"I-24":[50],"encompassing":[51],"67":[52],"VSL":[53,131,142],"controllers.":[54],"The":[55,94,136],"was":[57],"launched":[58],"8":[60],"March":[61],"2024":[62],"has":[64],"made":[65],"approximately":[66],"35":[67],"million":[68,72],"decisions":[69,111],"28":[71],"trips":[73],"six":[75],"months":[76],"operation.":[78],"apply":[80],"an":[81],"invalid":[82],"action":[83],"masking":[84],"mechanism":[85],"several":[87],"safety":[88,106],"guards":[89,107],"ensure":[91],"real-world":[92],"constraints.":[93],"MARL-based":[95,122,141],"implementation":[96],"operates":[97],"up":[98],"98%":[100],"time,":[103],"with":[104],"overriding":[108],"for":[112],"remaining":[114],"time.":[115],"evaluate":[117],"performance":[119],"algorithm":[123,133],"comparison":[125],"previously":[128],"deployed":[129],"non-RL":[130],"benchmark":[132],"I-24.":[135],"results":[137],"show":[138],"that":[139],"achieves":[145],"superior":[147],"performance.":[148]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-13T14:20:09.374765","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}