{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4312236839","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mits.2022.3210226","title":"Identifying License Plates in Distorted Vehicle Images: Detecting Distorted Vehicle Licence Plates Using a Novel Preprocessing Methods With Hybrid Feature Descriptors","display_name":"Identifying License Plates in Distorted Vehicle Images: Detecting Distorted Vehicle Licence Plates Using a Novel Preprocessing Methods With Hybrid Feature Descriptors","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-11-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4312236839","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mits.2022.3210226"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mits.2022.3210226","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mits.2022.3210226","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S131000621","display_name":"IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Magazine","issn_l":"1939-1390","issn":["1939-1390","1941-1197"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Magazine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068129199","display_name":"Meeras Salman Al-Shemarry","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2859-9441"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210142005","display_name":"University of Kerbala","ror":"https://ror.org/0449bkp65","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210142005"]}],"countries":["IQ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Meeras Salman Al-Shemarry","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Technology, College of Computer Science and Information Technology, Karbala University, Karbala, Iraq"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2859-9441","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology, College of Computer Science and Information Technology, Karbala University, Karbala, Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210142005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100443879","display_name":"Yan Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4694-4926"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185523456","display_name":"University of Southern Queensland","ror":"https://ror.org/04sjbnx57","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185523456"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yan Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mathematics, Physics and Computing, Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mathematics, Physics and Computing, Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185523456"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028530736","display_name":"Shahab Abdulla","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1193-6969"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185523456","display_name":"University of Southern Queensland","ror":"https://ror.org/04sjbnx57","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185523456"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shahab Abdulla","raw_affiliation_strings":["UniSQ College, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1193-6969","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UniSQ College, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185523456"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5487,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.6985058,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"2","first_page":"6","last_page":"25"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12707","display_name":"Vehicle License Plate Recognition","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12707","display_name":"Vehicle License Plate Recognition","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9890000224113464,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12546","display_name":"Smart Parking Systems Research","score":0.9713000059127808,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preprocessor","display_name":"Preprocessor","score":0.7804908156394958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7001533508300781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6779393553733826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.6446636915206909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/histogram","display_name":"Histogram","score":0.5705521702766418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5505809187889099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.49167996644973755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intelligent-transportation-system","display_name":"Intelligent transportation system","score":0.4898621737957001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.48978710174560547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/local-binary-patterns","display_name":"Local binary patterns","score":0.4685203731060028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptive-histogram-equalization","display_name":"Adaptive histogram equalization","score":0.46661773324012756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.46259015798568726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.45868444442749023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/histogram-of-oriented-gradients","display_name":"Histogram of oriented gradients","score":0.44631606340408325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/histogram-equalization","display_name":"Histogram equalization","score":0.4319700300693512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.22959676384925842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.1972041130065918}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34736171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918333","display_name":"Preprocessor","level":2,"score":0.7804908156394958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7001533508300781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6779393553733826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.6446636915206909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53533937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185020","display_name":"Histogram","level":3,"score":0.5705521702766418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5505809187889099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.49167996644973755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47796450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q508378","display_name":"Intelligent transportation system","level":2,"score":0.4898621737957001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.48978710174560547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87335442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2494345","display_name":"Local binary patterns","level":4,"score":0.4685203731060028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30387639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4680744","display_name":"Adaptive histogram equalization","level":5,"score":0.46661773324012756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.46259015798568726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.45868444442749023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17426736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q419918","display_name":"Histogram of oriented gradients","level":4,"score":0.44631606340408325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136943445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1970240","display_name":"Histogram equalization","level":4,"score":0.4319700300693512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.22959676384925842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.1972041130065918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/mits.2022.3210226","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mits.2022.3210226","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S131000621","display_name":"IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Magazine","issn_l":"1939-1390","issn":["1939-1390","1941-1197"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Magazine","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":75,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W67744807","https://openalex.org/W1597931944","https://openalex.org/W1601326519","https://openalex.org/W1677409904","https://openalex.org/W1869391892","https://openalex.org/W1966809579","https://openalex.org/W1968969471","https://openalex.org/W1970845820","https://openalex.org/W1975959625","https://openalex.org/W1992732951","https://openalex.org/W2002632662","https://openalex.org/W2012638612","https://openalex.org/W2019876754","https://openalex.org/W2026131661","https://openalex.org/W2039051707","https://openalex.org/W2046855764","https://openalex.org/W2049868887","https://openalex.org/W2058333183","https://openalex.org/W2074009638","https://openalex.org/W2084251795","https://openalex.org/W2095565388","https://openalex.org/W2111072639","https://openalex.org/W2113951056","https://openalex.org/W2121971770","https://openalex.org/W2128427846","https://openalex.org/W2129670038","https://openalex.org/W2132852045","https://openalex.org/W2135318891","https://openalex.org/W2141822239","https://openalex.org/W2147141800","https://openalex.org/W2156323526","https://openalex.org/W2164598857","https://openalex.org/W2166132491","https://openalex.org/W2171786422","https://openalex.org/W2173279827","https://openalex.org/W2184425546","https://openalex.org/W2186132424","https://openalex.org/W2203291448","https://openalex.org/W2215003561","https://openalex.org/W2273196628","https://openalex.org/W2288303867","https://openalex.org/W2293457052","https://openalex.org/W2294526658","https://openalex.org/W2304250463","https://openalex.org/W2336995393","https://openalex.org/W2396206269","https://openalex.org/W2402365722","https://openalex.org/W2463280635","https://openalex.org/W2481400814","https://openalex.org/W2508224586","https://openalex.org/W2515800123","https://openalex.org/W2532366443","https://openalex.org/W2534809444","https://openalex.org/W2574979776","https://openalex.org/W2623735874","https://openalex.org/W2625130530","https://openalex.org/W2704509636","https://openalex.org/W2742332513","https://openalex.org/W2760331245","https://openalex.org/W2783152060","https://openalex.org/W2790181963","https://openalex.org/W2896503111","https://openalex.org/W2905831012","https://openalex.org/W2915385979","https://openalex.org/W3088964925","https://openalex.org/W3096570766","https://openalex.org/W3103281441","https://openalex.org/W4294391685","https://openalex.org/W6636143558","https://openalex.org/W6639165917","https://openalex.org/W6678235161","https://openalex.org/W6680305447","https://openalex.org/W6687141033","https://openalex.org/W6711773441","https://openalex.org/W6735570655"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2181817726","https://openalex.org/W2990472155","https://openalex.org/W2398476265","https://openalex.org/W2905622784","https://openalex.org/W1566030314","https://openalex.org/W2066259560","https://openalex.org/W3016067690","https://openalex.org/W2560749169","https://openalex.org/W2550539038","https://openalex.org/W1983610137"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Intelligent":[0],"transportation":[1,29],"systems":[2,37],"(ITSs)":[3],"play":[4],"a":[5,21,45,98,154],"key":[6],"role":[7],"in":[8,28,40,67,195],"many":[9],"people\u2019s":[10],"lives":[11],"with":[12,97,148,167,186],"different":[13],"aspects.":[14],"Most":[15],"of":[16,161],"the":[17,79,86,122,126,135,138,162,180,191,196,213,220,226],"ITS":[18],"applications":[19],"include":[20],"system":[22,128,228],"for":[23,34,48,77,225],"detecting":[24],"license":[25],"plates":[26],"(LPs)":[27],"vehicles.":[30],"A":[31],"new":[32],"framework":[33,164],"such":[35],"detection":[36,52,127,136,193,227],"is":[38,65,83,151],"introduced":[39],"this":[41,68],"article.":[42],"It":[43],"includes":[44],"novel":[46],"technique":[47],"preprocessing,":[49],"extraction,":[50],"and":[51,103,125,172,190,206,222],"stages":[53],"to":[54,110,156,219],"identify":[55],"LPs":[56],"from":[57,92,114],"distorted":[58],"vehicle":[59,209],"images.":[60],"An":[61,70],"efficient":[62],"preprocessing":[63],"method":[64,76,182,215],"developed":[66],"study.":[69],"enhanced,":[71],"contrast-limited":[72],"adaptive":[73],"histogram":[74],"equalization":[75],"filtering":[78],"unwanted":[80],"LP":[81,115],"features":[82,91,113,119],"proposed.":[84],"At":[85],"features-extraction":[87],"stage,":[88,137],"strong":[89],"hybrid":[90,118],"extended":[93],"local":[94],"binary":[95],"patterns":[96],"median":[99],"robust":[100,105],"pattern":[101],"descriptor":[102,107],"speeded-up":[104],"feature":[106],"are":[108],"applied":[109],"extract":[111],"complicated":[112],"areas.":[116],"Those":[117],"can":[120],"enhance":[121],"useful":[123],"information,":[124],"performed":[129],"well":[130],"under":[131,229],"difficult":[132,230],"scenarios.":[133],"In":[134],"trained":[139],"model":[140],"by":[141,179],"an":[142,201],"extreme":[143],"learning":[144],"machine":[145],"(ELM)":[146],"classifier,":[147],"mean-shift":[149],"algorithm,":[150],"used":[152],"as":[153],"detector":[155],"decide":[157],"output":[158],"results.":[159],"Performances":[160],"proposed":[163,181,214],"were":[165,183],"compared":[166,185],"other":[168,207],"classifiers":[169],"using":[170],"true-":[171],"false-positive":[173],"rates.":[174],"The":[175,198],"system\u2019s":[176],"performance":[177],"improvements":[178,218],"also":[184],"our":[187],"previous":[188],"methods":[189,194],"existing":[192],"literature.":[197],"experiments":[199],"on":[200],"English":[202],"car":[203],"LP\u2019s":[204],"database":[205],"language":[208],"images":[210],"showed":[211],"that":[212],"made":[216],"significant":[217],"accuracy":[221],"runtime":[223],"speed":[224],"image":[231],"conditions.":[232]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
