{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4285195459","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mits.2022.3174238","title":"The Fault Diagnosis of a Switch Machine Based on Deep Random Forest Fusion","display_name":"The Fault Diagnosis of a Switch Machine Based on Deep Random Forest Fusion","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-06-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4285195459","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mits.2022.3174238"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mits.2022.3174238","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mits.2022.3174238","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S131000621","display_name":"IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Magazine","issn_l":"1939-1390","issn":["1939-1390","1941-1197"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Magazine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015347934","display_name":"Yuan Cao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6631-4908"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuan Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Rail Traffic Control and Safety, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","National Engineering Research Center of Rail Transportation Operation and Control System, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6631-4908","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Rail Traffic Control and Safety, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Engineering Research Center of Rail Transportation Operation and Control System, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073978307","display_name":"Yuanshu Ji","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuanshu Ji","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Engineering Research Center of Rail Transportation Operation and Control System, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Engineering Research Center of Rail Transportation Operation and Control System, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014206402","display_name":"Yongkui Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6582-1342"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongkui Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Engineering Research Center of Rail Transportation Operation and Control System, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6582-1342","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Engineering Research Center of Rail Transportation Operation and Control System, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038996257","display_name":"Shuai Su","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8412-9853"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuai Su","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Rail Traffic Control and Safety, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","Frontiers Science Center for Smart High-speed Railway System, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8412-9853","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Rail Traffic Control and Safety, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Frontiers Science Center for Smart High-speed Railway System, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":10.6883,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":121,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99282969,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"1","first_page":"437","last_page":"452"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10220","display_name":"Machine Fault Diagnosis Techniques","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10220","display_name":"Machine Fault Diagnosis Techniques","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11062","display_name":"Gear and Bearing Dynamics Analysis","score":0.9918000102043152,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13891","display_name":"Engineering Diagnostics and Reliability","score":0.9742000102996826,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2211","display_name":"Mechanics of Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuse","display_name":"Fuse (electrical)","score":0.8078103065490723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.7243766188621521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault","display_name":"Fault (geology)","score":0.6890902519226074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/train","display_name":"Train","score":0.6119471192359924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5814052224159241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5624900460243225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4852040112018585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boltzmann-machine","display_name":"Boltzmann machine","score":0.4598918557167053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4378352463245392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wavelet","display_name":"Wavelet","score":0.43616628646850586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vibration","display_name":"Vibration","score":0.42672210931777954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.3481495678424835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.3056088984012604}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141353440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182221","display_name":"Fuse (electrical)","level":2,"score":0.8078103065490723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.7243766188621521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175551986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47089","display_name":"Fault (geology)","level":2,"score":0.6890902519226074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190839683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2448197","display_name":"Train","level":2,"score":0.6119471192359924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5814052224159241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5624900460243225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4852040112018585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192576344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194706","display_name":"Boltzmann machine","level":3,"score":0.4598918557167053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4378352463245392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47432892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831390","display_name":"Wavelet","level":2,"score":0.43616628646850586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198394728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3695508","display_name":"Vibration","level":2,"score":0.42672210931777954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3481495678424835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.3056088984012604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165205528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83371","display_name":"Seismology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/mits.2022.3174238","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mits.2022.3174238","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S131000621","display_name":"IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Magazine","issn_l":"1939-1390","issn":["1939-1390","1941-1197"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Magazine","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life in Land","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","score":0.6700000166893005}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4014571494","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U1934219","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4023699064","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"52022010","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320333688","funder_display_name":"National Outstanding Youth Science Fund Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G613580434","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021YFF0501102","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7023397746","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62120106011","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G82059959","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RCS2022ZI002","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323067","funder_display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Rail Traffic Control and Safety"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323067","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Rail Traffic Control and Safety","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320333688","display_name":"National Outstanding Youth Science Fund Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W153648218","https://openalex.org/W1964618263","https://openalex.org/W1968546345","https://openalex.org/W1980149518","https://openalex.org/W2011426400","https://openalex.org/W2098914003","https://openalex.org/W2363735848","https://openalex.org/W2539054576","https://openalex.org/W2568595749","https://openalex.org/W2594265129","https://openalex.org/W2756154429","https://openalex.org/W2807874407","https://openalex.org/W2959675909","https://openalex.org/W2973376554","https://openalex.org/W3005858530","https://openalex.org/W3007232733","https://openalex.org/W3028548230","https://openalex.org/W3032943965","https://openalex.org/W3038041534","https://openalex.org/W3091466051","https://openalex.org/W3106553992","https://openalex.org/W3111637054","https://openalex.org/W3120487494","https://openalex.org/W3133317759","https://openalex.org/W3135864150","https://openalex.org/W3162911445","https://openalex.org/W3176980375","https://openalex.org/W3197114051","https://openalex.org/W3201115733","https://openalex.org/W3215724944","https://openalex.org/W3217374538","https://openalex.org/W4205803013","https://openalex.org/W4225672652","https://openalex.org/W4249482947","https://openalex.org/W6606318827"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3000097931","https://openalex.org/W2354322770","https://openalex.org/W4237547500","https://openalex.org/W1570848052","https://openalex.org/W2373192430","https://openalex.org/W4239268388","https://openalex.org/W1537496349","https://openalex.org/W4243305035","https://openalex.org/W2379407973","https://openalex.org/W618248309"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"the":[1,7,15,21,24,45,65,72,79,84,93,98,104,109,116,121,126,140,144,157,160,167,172],"key":[2],"equipment":[3],"for":[4],"train":[5],"operation,":[6],"switch":[8,29,73,85,173],"machine":[9,30],"plays":[10],"a":[11,54],"vital":[12],"role":[13],"in":[14,68],"safe":[16],"and":[17,133],"punctual":[18],"operation":[19],"of":[20,28,71,83,143,153,159,171],"trains.":[22],"Nowadays,":[23],"fault":[25,46,80,88,168],"diagnosis":[26,81,141,169],"methods":[27],"turnout":[31],"are":[32,90,100],"mostly":[33],"based":[34],"on":[35],"single-source":[36,49,131],"data.":[37,50],"However,":[38],"it":[39,136],"is":[40,61,112,137,148],"difficult":[41],"to":[42,63,119],"fully":[43],"characterize":[44],"characteristics":[47],"using":[48,115],"In":[51],"this":[52],"article,":[53],"deep":[55,105],"random":[56],"forest":[57],"fusion":[58],"(DRFF)":[59],"method":[60,118,146],"proposed":[62,145,161],"fuse":[64,120],"vibration":[66,123],"signals":[67,124],"three":[69],"directions":[70],"machine,":[74],"which":[75,163],"can":[76,164],"effectively":[77],"improve":[78,166],"accuracy":[82,142,170],"machine.":[86,107,174],"The":[87],"features":[89,99],"extracted":[91],"by":[92,103,114],"wavelet":[94],"transform":[95],"method.":[96],"Subsequently,":[97],"further":[101],"optimized":[102],"Boltzmann":[106],"Meanwhile,":[108],"DRFF":[110],"model":[111],"formed":[113],"RFF":[117],"3D":[122],"at":[125],"feature":[127],"level.":[128],"Compared":[129],"with":[130],"data":[132],"other":[134,154],"methods,":[135,155],"proved":[138],"that":[139,152],"(98.13%)":[147],"far":[149],"higher":[150],"than":[151],"indicating":[156],"feasibility":[158],"method,":[162],"greatly":[165]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":43},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":34},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-08-12T21:12:35.861297","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}