{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4226337592","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mits.2022.3159484","title":"An Autonomous Modular Mobility Paradigm","display_name":"An Autonomous Modular Mobility Paradigm","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-04-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4226337592","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mits.2022.3159484"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mits.2022.3159484","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mits.2022.3159484","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S131000621","display_name":"IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Magazine","issn_l":"1939-1390","issn":["1939-1390","1941-1197"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Magazine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007395130","display_name":"Jane Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9861-1974"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39422238","display_name":"University of Illinois Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/02mpq6x41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39422238"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jane Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil, Materials, and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9861-1974","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil, Materials, and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39422238"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5105352079","display_name":"Yu Nie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2083-470X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111979921","display_name":"Northwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/000e0be47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu Marco Nie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029359005","display_name":"Kazuya Kawamura","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39422238","display_name":"University of Illinois Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/02mpq6x41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39422238"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kazuya Kawamura","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Urban Planning and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Urban Planning and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39422238"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.5064,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":29,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80201413,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"1","first_page":"378","last_page":"386"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11942","display_name":"Transportation and Mobility Innovations","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11942","display_name":"Transportation and Mobility Innovations","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12306","display_name":"Urban and Freight Transport Logistics","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10698","display_name":"Transportation Planning and Optimization","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modular-design","display_name":"Modular design","score":0.740871787071228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modularity","display_name":"Modularity (biology)","score":0.7172542810440063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-transport","display_name":"Public transport","score":0.6228306293487549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transit","display_name":"Transit (satellite)","score":0.5635961294174194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mile","display_name":"Mile","score":0.5339388251304626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transport-engineering","display_name":"Transport engineering","score":0.5232790112495422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/last-mile","display_name":"Last mile (transportation)","score":0.5231322646141052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.45563095808029175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/paratransit","display_name":"Paratransit","score":0.42804309725761414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.3617742359638214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.3218768239021301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.16361543536186218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.11559125781059265}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101468663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1620158","display_name":"Modular design","level":2,"score":0.740871787071228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779478453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6889748","display_name":"Modularity (biology)","level":2,"score":0.7172542810440063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539828613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178512","display_name":"Public transport","level":2,"score":0.6228306293487549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778022998","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q651136","display_name":"Transit (satellite)","level":3,"score":0.5635961294174194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186379835","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q253276","display_name":"Mile","level":2,"score":0.5339388251304626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.5232790112495422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45440154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6494801","display_name":"Last mile (transportation)","level":3,"score":0.5231322646141052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.45563095808029175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777853934","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2564783","display_name":"Paratransit","level":3,"score":0.42804309725761414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3617742359638214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3218768239021301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.16361543536186218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.11559125781059265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/mits.2022.3159484","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mits.2022.3159484","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S131000621","display_name":"IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Magazine","issn_l":"1939-1390","issn":["1939-1390","1941-1197"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Magazine","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.5299999713897705}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1677019301","display_name":"EAGER/Collaborative Research: An Autonomous Modular Vehicle Technology-based Multifaceted Mobility Service Paradigm \u2013 A Proof-of-Concept Study","funder_award_id":"2127677","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W109636739","https://openalex.org/W855132903","https://openalex.org/W1984698666","https://openalex.org/W2054274567","https://openalex.org/W2064526960","https://openalex.org/W2074069971","https://openalex.org/W2138810186","https://openalex.org/W2139295133","https://openalex.org/W2144161334","https://openalex.org/W2565567774","https://openalex.org/W2615414809","https://openalex.org/W2731366309","https://openalex.org/W2755109863","https://openalex.org/W2768812946","https://openalex.org/W2789437993","https://openalex.org/W2894965215","https://openalex.org/W2900059729","https://openalex.org/W2900803712","https://openalex.org/W2903950923","https://openalex.org/W2906660613","https://openalex.org/W2906758042","https://openalex.org/W2917056447","https://openalex.org/W2957275564","https://openalex.org/W2963689411","https://openalex.org/W2969485225","https://openalex.org/W3014964370","https://openalex.org/W3015295488","https://openalex.org/W3021286180","https://openalex.org/W3025821331","https://openalex.org/W3045008494","https://openalex.org/W3046209901","https://openalex.org/W3080720898","https://openalex.org/W3080750924","https://openalex.org/W3084194479","https://openalex.org/W3158389942","https://openalex.org/W3159936066","https://openalex.org/W3177355204","https://openalex.org/W3184371411","https://openalex.org/W3185315220","https://openalex.org/W3213768770","https://openalex.org/W4241047449","https://openalex.org/W4251305353","https://openalex.org/W6734609007"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4224920455","https://openalex.org/W776438725","https://openalex.org/W2974961843","https://openalex.org/W4387715617","https://openalex.org/W4406022774","https://openalex.org/W2075280196","https://openalex.org/W4402947517","https://openalex.org/W4391768511","https://openalex.org/W4387147337","https://openalex.org/W2263936574"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"the":[1,37,55,58,66,113,118],"United":[2],"States,":[3],"public":[4,161],"transit":[5,51,78,162],"vehicles":[6,127],"have":[7],"a":[8,84,100,122,168],"very":[9],"low":[10],"average":[11],"load":[12],"factor":[13],"(10.1\u201312.4%),":[14],"resulting":[15],"in":[16,50,138],"an":[17,154],"excessive":[18],"waste":[19],"of":[20,61,90,115,124,170],"seat":[21],"capacity":[22,92],"and":[23,93,136,150,163,172,177,181],"poor":[24],"fuel":[25],"economy":[26],"per":[27],"passenger":[28],"mile":[29],"served.":[30],"This":[31],"problem":[32],"is":[33,117,145],"gravely":[34],"exacerbated":[35],"by":[36,65],"COVID-19":[38],"pandemic,":[39,67],"which":[40],"at":[41],"its":[42],"peak":[43],"had":[44],"caused":[45],"more":[46],"than":[47],"70%":[48],"reduction":[49],"ridership":[52],"nationwide.":[53],"On":[54],"other":[56],"hand,":[57],"rapid":[59],"uptake":[60],"e-commerce,":[62],"also":[63],"accelerated":[64],"has":[68],"put":[69],"tremendous":[70],"pressure":[71],"on":[72,106],"last-mile":[73,81,164],"delivery.":[74],"Aco-modalitysystem":[75],"that":[76,130,158],"integrates":[77],"services":[79,166],"with":[80,143,167],"logistics":[82,165],"offers":[83],"promising":[85],"solution":[86],"to":[87,120,147],"better":[88],"utilization/sharing":[89],"vehicle":[91],"supporting":[94],"infrastructure.":[95],"Here":[96],"we":[97],"show":[98],"such":[99],"system":[101,157],"may":[102],"be":[103,132],"implemented":[104],"based":[105],"Autonomous":[107],"Modular":[108],"Vehicle":[109],"Technology":[110],"(AMVT).":[111],"At":[112],"core":[114],"AMVT":[116,155],"ability":[119],"operate":[121],"fleet":[123,169],"modular":[125],"autonomous":[126],"or":[128],"pods":[129,171],"can":[131],"moved,":[133],"stationed,":[134],"joined,":[135],"separated":[137],"real":[139],"time.":[140],"Coupling":[141],"modularity":[142],"autonomy":[144],"poised":[146],"enable":[148],"co-modality":[149],"beyond.":[151],"We":[152],"describe":[153],"bimodality":[156],"provides":[159],"integrated":[160],"discuss":[173],"relevant":[174],"research":[175,179],"challenges":[176],"opportunities,":[178],"approaches,":[180],"real-world":[182],"adoption":[183],"issues.":[184]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-08-12T21:12:35.861297","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}