{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3033995601","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mits.2020.2994070","title":"An Experimental Evaluation of Global Navigation Satellite System/Inertial Navigation System-Verification Strategies for Vehicular Applications","display_name":"An Experimental Evaluation of Global Navigation Satellite System/Inertial Navigation System-Verification Strategies for Vehicular Applications","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3033995601","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mits.2020.2994070","mag":"3033995601"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mits.2020.2994070","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mits.2020.2994070","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S131000621","display_name":"IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Magazine","issn_l":"1939-1390","issn":["1939-1390","1941-1197"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Magazine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051990869","display_name":"Daniele Borio","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3573-5093"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800387288","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32","country_code":"BE","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1320481043","https://openalex.org/I2800387288"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Daniele Borio","raw_affiliation_strings":["European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Ital"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Ital","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800387288"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5051990869"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800387288"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.2743,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.63330464,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"3","first_page":"25","last_page":"35"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10711","display_name":"Target Tracking and Data Fusion in Sensor Networks","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10711","display_name":"Target Tracking and Data Fusion in Sensor Networks","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.9926000237464905,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9922999739646912,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.9438472986221313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inertial-navigation-system","display_name":"Inertial navigation system","score":0.7354332804679871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite-system","display_name":"Satellite system","score":0.6662548780441284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.60533207654953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.6023037433624268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.587181806564331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spoofing-attack","display_name":"Spoofing attack","score":0.574216365814209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acceleration","display_name":"Acceleration","score":0.5696176886558533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite-navigation","display_name":"Satellite navigation","score":0.5482375025749207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-augmentation","display_name":"GNSS augmentation","score":0.5477785468101501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/angular-velocity","display_name":"Angular velocity","score":0.531075656414032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.5072009563446045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/air-navigation","display_name":"Air navigation","score":0.5062164664268494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inertial-reference-unit","display_name":"Inertial reference unit","score":0.4178619980812073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gyroscope","display_name":"Gyroscope","score":0.41323480010032654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inertial-frame-of-reference","display_name":"Inertial frame of reference","score":0.3883849084377289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerospace-engineering","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","score":0.3648129105567932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.3643297553062439},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.25948429107666016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.15812593698501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.14954134821891785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.09371152520179749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.07313510775566101}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.9438472986221313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128651787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q570607","display_name":"Inertial navigation system","level":3,"score":0.7354332804679871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778027091","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25346003","display_name":"Satellite system","level":4,"score":0.6662548780441284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.60533207654953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.6023037433624268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.587181806564331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167900197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11081100","display_name":"Spoofing attack","level":2,"score":0.574216365814209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117896860","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11376","display_name":"Acceleration","level":2,"score":0.5696176886558533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36301306","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179435","display_name":"Satellite navigation","level":3,"score":0.5482375025749207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166212672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165162","display_name":"GNSS augmentation","level":4,"score":0.5477785468101501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5594486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161635","display_name":"Angular velocity","level":2,"score":0.531075656414032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.5072009563446045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C504623915","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1427822","display_name":"Air navigation","level":3,"score":0.5062164664268494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189096121","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6028512","display_name":"Inertial reference unit","level":4,"score":0.4178619980812073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158488048","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483400","display_name":"Gyroscope","level":2,"score":0.41323480010032654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173386949","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192735","display_name":"Inertial frame of reference","level":2,"score":0.3883849084377289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.3648129105567932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3643297553062439},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.25948429107666016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.15812593698501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.14954134821891785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.09371152520179749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.07313510775566101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74650414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11397","display_name":"Classical mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/mits.2020.2994070","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mits.2020.2994070","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S131000621","display_name":"IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Magazine","issn_l":"1939-1390","issn":["1939-1390","1941-1197"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Magazine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu:111111111/62604","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9108203","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401126","display_name":"Joint Research Centre (European Commission)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2800387288","host_organization_name":"European Commission","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800387288"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Articles in periodicals and books"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.5199999809265137,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W62719046","https://openalex.org/W87496662","https://openalex.org/W2053087201","https://openalex.org/W2081946241","https://openalex.org/W2124647600","https://openalex.org/W2160146756","https://openalex.org/W2332630870","https://openalex.org/W2600549283","https://openalex.org/W2604011552","https://openalex.org/W2793164861","https://openalex.org/W2801327258","https://openalex.org/W2804968828","https://openalex.org/W2903747092","https://openalex.org/W2972127780","https://openalex.org/W4251502187","https://openalex.org/W6767461503"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4455957","https://openalex.org/W405433","https://openalex.org/W9664278","https://openalex.org/W2113234","https://openalex.org/W3377033","https://openalex.org/W3679430","https://openalex.org/W4133480","https://openalex.org/W13358776","https://openalex.org/W822232","https://openalex.org/W2825540"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"An":[0],"effective":[1],"way":[2],"to":[3,12],"detect":[4],"the":[5,49,68,74,83,90,102],"presence":[6],"of":[7,62,93,104,107],"a":[8],"spoofing":[9],"attack":[10],"is":[11],"verify":[13],"Global":[14],"Navigation":[15],"Satellite":[16],"System":[17],"(GNSS)":[18],"data":[19],"with":[20],"measurements":[21],"from":[22],"other":[23],"sensors,":[24],"such":[25],"as":[26],"inertial":[27],"navigation":[28],"systems":[29],"(INSs).":[30],"In":[31],"this":[32],"article,":[33],"uncoupled":[34,47],"GNSS/INS-verification":[35],"approaches":[36,45],"are":[37,46,56,67,80,124,128],"experimentally":[38],"evaluated":[39],"in":[40,48,115],"an":[41,60],"automotive":[42],"context.":[43],"The":[44,64,99],"sense":[50],"that":[51],"GNSS":[52,94],"and":[53,76,82,95,109,121],"INS":[54,96],"sensors":[55],"operated":[57],"independently":[58],"without":[59],"exchange":[61],"information.":[63],"techniques":[65],"considered":[66],"magnitude":[69],"verification":[70],"(MAV)":[71],"technique,":[72],"where":[73],"acceleration":[75],"angular":[77,122],"velocity":[78],"magnitudes":[79],"compared,":[81],"horizontal":[84],"components":[85],"(HoCs)-verification":[86],"strategy,":[87],"which":[88],"requires":[89],"vertical":[91],"alignment":[92],"sensor":[97],"frames.":[98],"analysis":[100],"shows":[101],"effectiveness":[103],"these":[105],"types":[106],"procedures":[108],"discusses":[110],"their":[111],"limitations;":[112],"for":[113],"example,":[114],"low-dynamic":[116],"conditions,":[117],"when":[118],"low":[119],"accelerations":[120],"velocities":[123],"recorded.":[125],"Possible":[126],"enhancements":[127],"also":[129],"discussed.":[130]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}