{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3013911229","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mits.2019.2953536","title":"Non-Deterministic Delay Behavior Testing of Chinese Train Control System Using UPPAAL-TRON","display_name":"Non-Deterministic Delay Behavior Testing of Chinese Train Control System Using UPPAAL-TRON","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-03-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3013911229","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mits.2019.2953536","mag":"3013911229"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mits.2019.2953536","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mits.2019.2953536","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S131000621","display_name":"IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Magazine","issn_l":"1939-1390","issn":["1939-1390","1941-1197"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Magazine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039789791","display_name":"Jidong Lv","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8404-6820"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jidong Lv","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Engineering Research Center Of Rail Transportation Operation And Control Systems, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","National Engineering Research Center of Rail Transportation Operation and Control Systems , Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8404-6820","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Engineering Research Center Of Rail Transportation Operation And Control Systems, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Engineering Research Center of Rail Transportation Operation and Control Systems , Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026973110","display_name":"Ehsan Ahmad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8593-2824"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I120238654","display_name":"Saudi Electronic University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ndh7v49","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I120238654"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ehsan Ahmad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computing and Informatics, Saudi Electronic University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8593-2824","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computing and Informatics, Saudi Electronic University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I120238654"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067908158","display_name":"Tao Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7838-8525"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tao Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Engineering Research Center Of Rail Transportation Operation And Control Systems, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","[Rail Traffic Control and Safety, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Engineering Research Center Of Rail Transportation Operation And Control Systems, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Rail Traffic Control and Safety, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.894,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88826704,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"3","first_page":"58","last_page":"82"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10142","display_name":"Formal Methods in Verification","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10142","display_name":"Formal Methods in Verification","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12423","display_name":"Software Reliability and Analysis Research","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8174115419387817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/liveness","display_name":"Liveness","score":0.7644857168197632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automaton","display_name":"Automaton","score":0.5325257778167725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cruise-control","display_name":"Cruise control","score":0.4827284514904022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nondeterministic-algorithm","display_name":"Nondeterministic algorithm","score":0.44254428148269653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.4336088001728058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.3812636733055115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.375288724899292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.1827118694782257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.17918327450752258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.10716032981872559}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8174115419387817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15569618","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3561421","display_name":"Liveness","level":2,"score":0.7644857168197632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112505250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q787116","display_name":"Automaton","level":2,"score":0.5325257778167725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113168747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q507295","display_name":"Cruise control","level":3,"score":0.4827284514904022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176181172","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3490301","display_name":"Nondeterministic algorithm","level":2,"score":0.44254428148269653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.4336088001728058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.3812636733055115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.375288724899292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.1827118694782257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.17918327450752258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.10716032981872559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/mits.2019.2953536","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mits.2019.2953536","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S131000621","display_name":"IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Magazine","issn_l":"1939-1390","issn":["1939-1390","1941-1197"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Magazine","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.4000000059604645},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.4000000059604645}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W73862328","https://openalex.org/W107352449","https://openalex.org/W1489329521","https://openalex.org/W1495188953","https://openalex.org/W1506375872","https://openalex.org/W1508047779","https://openalex.org/W1537476827","https://openalex.org/W1558296274","https://openalex.org/W1608087281","https://openalex.org/W1650440775","https://openalex.org/W1880615699","https://openalex.org/W1936392928","https://openalex.org/W1952732242","https://openalex.org/W1966865538","https://openalex.org/W1982828147","https://openalex.org/W1991932368","https://openalex.org/W1994188141","https://openalex.org/W2000947342","https://openalex.org/W2101508170","https://openalex.org/W2101670665","https://openalex.org/W2109563237","https://openalex.org/W2113780769","https://openalex.org/W2120916408","https://openalex.org/W2150944381","https://openalex.org/W2153173530","https://openalex.org/W2163659692","https://openalex.org/W2183248488","https://openalex.org/W2184985296","https://openalex.org/W2284244511","https://openalex.org/W2325471751","https://openalex.org/W2370675785","https://openalex.org/W2477100253","https://openalex.org/W2744171264","https://openalex.org/W2807600988","https://openalex.org/W2809052897","https://openalex.org/W2891205395","https://openalex.org/W4235642401","https://openalex.org/W4256074395","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2081199208","https://openalex.org/W1565271071","https://openalex.org/W3349016","https://openalex.org/W3160870209","https://openalex.org/W4300867686","https://openalex.org/W4285694972","https://openalex.org/W3041038595","https://openalex.org/W2060032524","https://openalex.org/W1988549452","https://openalex.org/W2023968088"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"Chinese":[1],"Train":[2],"Control":[3,42],"System":[4],"level":[5],"3":[6],"(CTCS-3)":[7],"is":[8,25],"an":[9],"open":[10],"and":[11,82,98,151,170],"real-time":[12,58],"safety-critical":[13],"system.":[14],"Due":[15],"to":[16,31,65,133],"the":[17,22,32,50,53,57,77,83,106,156,189,193],"non-deterministic":[18],"delay":[19,136],"behavior":[20,137],"in":[21,121,155,185,192],"environment,":[23],"there":[24],"a":[26],"large":[27],"number":[28],"of":[29,39,52,79,138,145,167],"stimuli":[30],"train":[33,171],"control":[34],"system":[35,157],"with":[36,182],"different":[37],"patterns":[38],"arrival":[40],"times.":[41],"strategies":[43],"must":[44],"be":[45,174],"well":[46],"considered,":[47],"as":[48],"either":[49],"logic":[51],"function":[54],"fails":[55],"or":[56,69],"constraints":[59],"are":[60],"dissatisfied,":[61],"may":[62,180],"directly":[63],"lead":[64],"significant":[66],"human":[67],"injury":[68],"financial":[70],"loss.":[71],"In":[72],"this":[73,186],"paper,":[74],"we":[75],"introduce":[76],"notion":[78],"test":[80,95,134],"specification":[81,159],"relativized":[84],"timed":[85,90],"input/output":[86],"conformance":[87,130],"based":[88,128],"on":[89],"automata":[91],"theory.":[92],"A":[93],"new":[94],"case":[96],"generation":[97],"execution":[99],"algorithm":[100],"has":[101],"been":[102],"proposed,":[103],"by":[104],"which":[105],"tester":[107],"can":[108,173],"reset":[109],"Implementation":[110],"Under":[111],"Test":[112],"(IUT)":[113],"whenever":[114],"they":[115],"want,":[116],"make":[117],"it":[118],"more":[119],"sense":[120],"specific":[122],"domain":[123],"fields.":[124],"We":[125],"apply":[126],"UPPAAL-TRON":[127],"online":[129],"testing":[131],"framework":[132],"nondeterministic":[135],"Radio":[139],"Block":[140],"Center":[141],"(RBC)":[142],"handover":[143],"scenario":[144,187],"CTCS-3":[146],"against":[147],"critical":[148],"safety,":[149],"real-time,":[150],"liveness":[152],"properties":[153],"(defined":[154],"requirement":[158],"(SRS)":[160],"documents).":[161],"Our":[162],"experiments":[163],"show":[164],"that":[165],"assurance":[166],"collision":[168],"avoidance":[169],"non-derailment":[172],"guaranteed,":[175],"but":[176],"emergency":[177],"brake":[178],"intervention":[179],"happen":[181],"low":[183],"probability":[184],"under":[188],"requirements":[190],"specified":[191],"SRS":[194],"document.":[195]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}