{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4288099671","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mitp.2022.3172653","title":"DeFakePro: Decentralized Deepfake Attacks Detection Using ENF Authentication","display_name":"DeFakePro: Decentralized Deepfake Attacks Detection Using ENF Authentication","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4288099671","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mitp.2022.3172653"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mitp.2022.3172653","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mitp.2022.3172653","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S86192639","display_name":"IT Professional","issn_l":"1520-9202","issn":["1520-9202","1941-045X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IT Professional","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2207.13070","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084428113","display_name":"Deeraj Nagothu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0511-0722"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123946342","display_name":"Binghamton University","ror":"https://ror.org/008rmbt77","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123946342"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Deeraj Nagothu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0511-0722","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123946342"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028381116","display_name":"Ronghua Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9623-237X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123946342","display_name":"Binghamton University","ror":"https://ror.org/008rmbt77","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123946342"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ronghua Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9623-237X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123946342"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100402109","display_name":"Yu Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1880-0586"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123946342","display_name":"Binghamton University","ror":"https://ror.org/008rmbt77","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123946342"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1880-0586","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123946342"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023894377","display_name":"Erik Blasch","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6894-6108"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1280414376","display_name":"United States Air Force Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2egq70","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1280414376","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I4210102105","https://openalex.org/I4389425425"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Erik Blasch","raw_affiliation_strings":["The U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory, Rome, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6894-6108","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory, Rome, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1280414376"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088781157","display_name":"Alexander Aved","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7015-7359"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1280414376","display_name":"United States Air Force Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2egq70","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1280414376","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I4210102105","https://openalex.org/I4389425425"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexander Aved","raw_affiliation_strings":["The U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory, Rome, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7015-7359","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory, Rome, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1280414376"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.447,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":29,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90452481,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"5","first_page":"46","last_page":"52"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.9940000176429749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.9787999987602234,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8112809658050537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication","display_name":"Authentication (law)","score":0.6434957981109619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disinformation","display_name":"Disinformation","score":0.6205115914344788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanism","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","score":0.5651799440383911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fingerprint","display_name":"Fingerprint (computing)","score":0.5215006470680237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/videoconferencing","display_name":"Videoconferencing","score":0.48538434505462646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-watermarking","display_name":"Digital watermarking","score":0.4462404251098633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/echo","display_name":"Echo (communications protocol)","score":0.4306986629962921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.4237653911113739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.41156232357025146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimedia","display_name":"Multimedia","score":0.3923996090888977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.39156588912010193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.2734912037849426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-media","display_name":"Social media","score":0.1807628870010376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.17238861322402954}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8112809658050537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.6434957981109619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776552730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189656","display_name":"Disinformation","level":3,"score":0.6205115914344788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89611455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804646","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5651799440383911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777826928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3745713","display_name":"Fingerprint (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5215006470680237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22561748","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q854954","display_name":"Videoconferencing","level":2,"score":0.48538434505462646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150817343","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875932","display_name":"Digital watermarking","level":3,"score":0.4462404251098633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779426996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18389128","display_name":"Echo (communications protocol)","level":2,"score":0.4306986629962921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.4237653911113739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.41156232357025146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.3923996090888977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.39156588912010193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.2734912037849426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518677369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202833","display_name":"Social media","level":2,"score":0.1807628870010376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.17238861322402954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/mitp.2022.3172653","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mitp.2022.3172653","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S86192639","display_name":"IT Professional","issn_l":"1520-9202","issn":["1520-9202","1941-045X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IT Professional","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2207.13070","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2207.13070","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2207.13070","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2207.13070","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2207.13070","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2207.13070","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.5600000023841858,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3939628135","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS-2039342","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335353","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335353","display_name":"National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka","ror":"https://ror.org/010xaa060"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338279","display_name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research","ror":"https://ror.org/011e9bt93"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1480487832","https://openalex.org/W2063768365","https://openalex.org/W2262012418","https://openalex.org/W2535255545","https://openalex.org/W2884910772","https://openalex.org/W2907295878","https://openalex.org/W2947923502","https://openalex.org/W2950088517","https://openalex.org/W2989851933","https://openalex.org/W3012033723","https://openalex.org/W3025670292","https://openalex.org/W3034530968","https://openalex.org/W3034864980","https://openalex.org/W3104416115","https://openalex.org/W3119980230","https://openalex.org/W3127669165","https://openalex.org/W3134729738","https://openalex.org/W3155923524","https://openalex.org/W3202728596","https://openalex.org/W4214691743","https://openalex.org/W4287728477","https://openalex.org/W4320013936","https://openalex.org/W6628556012","https://openalex.org/W6692593983","https://openalex.org/W6775642233","https://openalex.org/W6777726248","https://openalex.org/W6780331798","https://openalex.org/W6790788707"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3043508177","https://openalex.org/W4382752644","https://openalex.org/W4309170162","https://openalex.org/W3049488969","https://openalex.org/W2043544044","https://openalex.org/W3209170404","https://openalex.org/W2067549128","https://openalex.org/W4226303916","https://openalex.org/W4388052379","https://openalex.org/W4306317210"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Advancements":[0],"in":[1,27,46,60,75,81,90,120],"generative":[2],"models,":[3],"such":[4],"as":[5],"deepfake,":[6],"allow":[7],"users":[8],"to":[9,85,102,107],"imitate":[10],"a":[11,39,65],"targeted":[12],"person":[13],"and":[14,29,123],"manipulate":[15],"online":[16,47],"interactions.":[17],"It":[18],"has":[19],"been":[20],"recognized":[21],"that":[22],"disinformation":[23],"may":[24],"cause":[25],"disturbance":[26],"society":[28],"ruin":[30],"the":[31,82,87,95,110,114,117],"foundation":[32],"of":[33,116],"trust.":[34],"This":[35],"article":[36],"presents":[37],"DeFakePro,":[38],"decentralized":[40],"consensus":[41,66],"mechanism-based":[42],"deepfake":[43,104],"detection":[44],"technique":[45],"video":[48,96,105,124],"conferencing":[49,91,97],"tools.":[50,92],"Leveraging":[51],"electrical":[52],"network":[53],"frequency":[54],"(ENF),":[55],"an":[56],"environmental":[57],"fingerprint":[58],"embedded":[59],"digital":[61],"media":[62,88,119],"recording":[63],"affords":[64],"mechanism":[67],"design":[68],"called":[69],"proof-of-ENF":[70],"(PoENF)":[71],"algorithm.":[72],"The":[73],"similarity":[74],"ENF":[76],"signal":[77],"fluctuations":[78],"is":[79],"utilized":[80],"PoENF":[83],"algorithm":[84],"authenticate":[86],"broadcasted":[89],"By":[93],"utilizing":[94],"setup":[98],"with":[99],"malicious":[100],"participants":[101],"broadcast":[103],"recordings":[106],"other":[108],"participants,":[109],"DeFakePro":[111],"system":[112],"verifies":[113],"authenticity":[115],"incoming":[118],"both":[121],"audio":[122],"channels.":[125]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}