{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4213325323","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mitp.2021.3134896","title":"iTrace: When IOTA Meets COVID-19 Contact Tracing","display_name":"iTrace: When IOTA Meets COVID-19 Contact Tracing","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4213325323","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mitp.2021.3134896"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mitp.2021.3134896","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mitp.2021.3134896","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S86192639","display_name":"IT Professional","issn_l":"1520-9202","issn":["1520-9202","1941-045X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IT Professional","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034551741","display_name":"Waseeqa Ghazanfer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3948-6602"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16076960","display_name":"COMSATS University Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/00nqqvk19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Waseeqa Ghazanfer","raw_affiliation_strings":["COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3948-6602","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031845527","display_name":"Noman Nasir Minhas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9350-8924"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16076960","display_name":"COMSATS University Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/00nqqvk19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Noman Nasir Minhas","raw_affiliation_strings":["COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9350-8924","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081137520","display_name":"Muhammad Rauf","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6876-7617"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16076960","display_name":"COMSATS University Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/00nqqvk19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Rauf","raw_affiliation_strings":["COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6876-7617","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062778007","display_name":"Adeel Anjum","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5083-0019"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16076960","display_name":"COMSATS University Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/00nqqvk19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3045169105","display_name":"Southern University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/049tv2d57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"]}],"countries":["CN","PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adeel Anjum","raw_affiliation_strings":["COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan","Southern University of Sciences and Technology (SUSTECH), Shezhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5083-0019","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Southern University of Sciences and Technology (SUSTECH), Shezhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5034551741"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.01812376,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"1","first_page":"56","last_page":"62"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12943","display_name":"COVID-19 Digital Contact Tracing","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12943","display_name":"COVID-19 Digital Contact Tracing","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11045","display_name":"Privacy, Security, and Data Protection","score":0.984000027179718,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11446","display_name":"Mobile Health and mHealth Applications","score":0.9793000221252441,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3600","display_name":"General Health Professions"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contact-tracing","display_name":"Contact tracing","score":0.9368765354156494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracing","display_name":"Tracing","score":0.6647416353225708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coronavirus-disease-2019","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","score":0.6401713490486145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.6293313503265381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pandemic","display_name":"Pandemic","score":0.6072276830673218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.588121235370636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/humanity","display_name":"Humanity","score":0.553722083568573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-distance","display_name":"Social distance","score":0.5390711426734924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.5279088616371155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.1803596019744873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.10659217834472656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/infectious-disease","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","score":0.09975400567054749}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113162765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1128437","display_name":"Contact tracing","level":5,"score":0.9368765354156494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138673069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q322229","display_name":"Tracing","level":2,"score":0.6647416353225708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3008058167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","level":4,"score":0.6401713490486145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.6293313503265381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89623803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12184","display_name":"Pandemic","level":5,"score":0.6072276830673218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.588121235370636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780422510","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17027938","display_name":"Humanity","level":2,"score":0.553722083568573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172656115","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2142613","display_name":"Social distance","level":5,"score":0.5390711426734924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.5279088616371155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.1803596019744873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.10659217834472656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524204448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788926","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","level":3,"score":0.09975400567054749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/mitp.2021.3134896","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mitp.2021.3134896","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S86192639","display_name":"IT Professional","issn_l":"1520-9202","issn":["1520-9202","1941-045X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IT Professional","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.4099999964237213,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2106109507","https://openalex.org/W2924387646","https://openalex.org/W3009906937","https://openalex.org/W3015056889","https://openalex.org/W3027138609","https://openalex.org/W3036422000","https://openalex.org/W3037521276","https://openalex.org/W3041006163","https://openalex.org/W3042076285","https://openalex.org/W3088123725","https://openalex.org/W3097821296","https://openalex.org/W3175970483","https://openalex.org/W3176412650","https://openalex.org/W3180458501","https://openalex.org/W3185381495"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3214595614","https://openalex.org/W4386552843","https://openalex.org/W3015418220","https://openalex.org/W3094221754","https://openalex.org/W4210674775","https://openalex.org/W3021725166","https://openalex.org/W3092141723","https://openalex.org/W3191342115","https://openalex.org/W3025296323","https://openalex.org/W3130225502"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"During":[0],"the":[1,12,34,60,67,80,117,142,145],"COVID-19":[2,146],"pandemic,":[3],"humanity":[4],"is":[5,44,49,65,79],"at":[6],"war":[7],"with":[8],"nature,":[9],"which":[10,43,112],"destroyed":[11],"economy":[13],"globally,":[14],"people":[15],"have":[16],"faced":[17],"unmatched":[18],"lockdowns,":[19],"thereby":[20],"resulting":[21],"in":[22],"an":[23,51,128],"unprecedented":[24],"disaster,":[25],"and":[26,95,121,136],"extraordinary":[27],"situation":[28],"for":[29,54,91],"health":[30],"service":[31],"providers.":[32],"Recently,":[33],"announcement":[35],"of":[36,62,69,119,144],"vaccines":[37],"has":[38],"given":[39],"hope":[40],"to":[41,140],"humanity,":[42],"time":[45],"consuming.":[46],"Social":[47],"distancing":[48],"considered":[50],"effective":[52],"solution":[53],"reducing":[55],"infection,":[56],"but":[57],"cannot":[58],"prevent":[59],"spread":[61],"infection.":[63],"This":[64,125],"where":[66],"idea":[68],"contact":[70],"tracing":[71,92],"came":[72],"into":[73],"being.":[74],"Another":[75],"control":[76,141],"that":[77,84,109,132],"helps":[78],"digital":[81],"contact-tracing":[82,130],"technique":[83,131],"can":[85,137],"be":[86,138],"achieved":[87],"through":[88,98],"smartphone":[89],"applications":[90],"COVID":[93],"patients":[94],"alerting":[96],"others":[97],"notifications.":[99],"In":[100],"this":[101],"article,":[102],"we":[103],"propose":[104],"a":[105],"framework":[106],"named":[107],"iTrace":[108],"uses":[110],"IOTA,":[111],"provides":[113],"security,":[114],"global":[115],"accessibility,":[116],"privacy":[118],"individuals,":[120],"minimum":[122],"resource":[123],"utilization.":[124],"makes":[126],"it":[127],"efficient":[129],"covers":[133],"most":[134],"areas":[135],"helpful":[139],"circumstances":[143],"pandemic.":[147]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}