{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2934840562","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mitp.2018.2876932","title":"Decentralization: The Failed Promise of Cryptocurrencies","display_name":"Decentralization: The Failed Promise of Cryptocurrencies","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2934840562","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mitp.2018.2876932","mag":"2934840562"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mitp.2018.2876932","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mitp.2018.2876932","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S86192639","display_name":"IT Professional","issn_l":"1520-9202","issn":["1520-9202","1941-045X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IT Professional","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065119332","display_name":"Leonardo J. Valdivia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7545-7441"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210160924","display_name":"Universidad Panamericana","ror":"https://ror.org/05pd6sh18","country_code":"GT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210160924"]}],"countries":["GT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leonardo J. Valdivia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universidad Panamericana, Facultad de Ingeniería, Zapopan, Jalisco, México"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universidad Panamericana, Facultad de Ingeniería, Zapopan, Jalisco, México","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210160924"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032709348","display_name":"Carolina Del-Valle-Soto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0272-3275"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210160924","display_name":"Universidad Panamericana","ror":"https://ror.org/05pd6sh18","country_code":"GT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210160924"]}],"countries":["GT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carolina Del-Valle-Soto","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universidad Panamericana, Facultad de Ingeniería, Zapopan, Jalisco, México"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universidad Panamericana, Facultad de Ingeniería, Zapopan, Jalisco, México","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210160924"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007301540","display_name":"Jafet Rodr\u00edguez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4057-3191"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210160924","display_name":"Universidad Panamericana","ror":"https://ror.org/05pd6sh18","country_code":"GT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210160924"]}],"countries":["GT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jafet Rodriguez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universidad Panamericana, Facultad de Ingeniería, Zapopan, Jalisco, México"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universidad Panamericana, Facultad de Ingeniería, Zapopan, Jalisco, México","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210160924"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064233688","display_name":"Miquel Alcaraz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4803-2306"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210160924","display_name":"Universidad Panamericana","ror":"https://ror.org/05pd6sh18","country_code":"GT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210160924"]}],"countries":["GT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Miguel Alcaraz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universidad Panamericana, Facultad de Ingeniería, Zapopan, Jalisco, México"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universidad Panamericana, Facultad de Ingeniería, Zapopan, Jalisco, México","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210160924"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210160924"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.5268,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93585709,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"2","first_page":"33","last_page":"40"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptocurrency","display_name":"Cryptocurrency","score":0.9563007354736328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decentralization","display_name":"Decentralization","score":0.9552078247070312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database-transaction","display_name":"Database transaction","score":0.6454800367355347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5929647088050842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-ledger","display_name":"Distributed ledger","score":0.5357785224914551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.49487918615341187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/industrial-organization","display_name":"Industrial organization","score":0.4285932779312134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transaction-processing","display_name":"Transaction processing","score":0.42763572931289673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4133608341217041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/commerce","display_name":"Commerce","score":0.3391202688217163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.2516482472419739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/market-economy","display_name":"Market economy","score":0.20257365703582764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.14153125882148743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.08429735898971558}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180706569","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13479982","display_name":"Cryptocurrency","level":2,"score":0.9563007354736328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136810230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188961","display_name":"Decentralization","level":2,"score":0.9552078247070312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75949130","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848010","display_name":"Database transaction","level":2,"score":0.6454800367355347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5929647088050842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777541363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25110971","display_name":"Distributed ledger","level":3,"score":0.5357785224914551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.49487918615341187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411783","display_name":"Industrial organization","level":1,"score":0.4285932779312134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72108876","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844565","display_name":"Transaction processing","level":3,"score":0.42763572931289673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4133608341217041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54750564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26643","display_name":"Commerce","level":1,"score":0.3391202688217163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.2516482472419739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34447519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179522","display_name":"Market economy","level":1,"score":0.20257365703582764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.14153125882148743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.08429735898971558}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/mitp.2018.2876932","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mitp.2018.2876932","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S86192639","display_name":"IT Professional","issn_l":"1520-9202","issn":["1520-9202","1941-045X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IT Professional","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2077779737","https://openalex.org/W2273223219","https://openalex.org/W2739845435","https://openalex.org/W2744533984","https://openalex.org/W2772486733","https://openalex.org/W2773929027","https://openalex.org/W2783408024","https://openalex.org/W2789749492","https://openalex.org/W2792846780","https://openalex.org/W2964062734","https://openalex.org/W3122002729","https://openalex.org/W6693910520","https://openalex.org/W6741928516","https://openalex.org/W7043104461"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3038176961","https://openalex.org/W2759600173","https://openalex.org/W4205726392","https://openalex.org/W2957710009","https://openalex.org/W2954917935","https://openalex.org/W4226470295","https://openalex.org/W4319150754","https://openalex.org/W3115531728","https://openalex.org/W3155045921","https://openalex.org/W4205096204"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Cryptocurrencies":[0],"promise":[1],"to":[2,8],"revolutionize":[3],"the":[4,18,29,41],"financial":[5],"market":[6],"due":[7],"two":[9],"main":[10],"features:":[11],"security":[12],"and":[13],"decentralization.":[14],"In":[15,37],"this":[16],"article,":[17],"authors":[19],"analyze":[20],"whether":[21,28],"cryptocurrencies":[22],"are":[23],"fully":[24],"decentralized\u2014in":[25],"other":[26],"words,":[27],"transaction":[30],"processing":[31],"is":[32],"distributed":[33],"among":[34],"different":[35],"entities.":[36],"addition,":[38],"they":[39],"present":[40],"consequences":[42],"that":[43],"a":[44],"possible":[45],"centralization":[46],"entails.":[47]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-26T08:34:08.712188","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}