{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2123795719","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mis.2002.1024753","title":"Creating interactive virtual humans: some assembly required","display_name":"Creating interactive virtual humans: some assembly required","publication_year":2002,"publication_date":"2002-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2123795719","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mis.2002.1024753","mag":"2123795719"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mis.2002.1024753","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mis.2002.1024753","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S114241109","display_name":"IEEE Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"1541-1672","issn":["1541-1672","1941-1294"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://repository.upenn.edu/bitstreams/b93d950e-cc64-47d9-a063-d4f2c3e9d45d/download","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051992568","display_name":"Jonathan Gratch","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5959-809X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087747","display_name":"Creative Technologies (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/001qkb777","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087747"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"J. Gratch","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Creative Technologies, University of Southern California, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Creative Technologies, University of Southern California, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087747","https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045429982","display_name":"Jeff Rickel","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. Rickel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Sciences Institute, University of Southern California, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Sciences Institute, University of Southern California, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056684559","display_name":"Elisabeth Andr\u00e9","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2367-162X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I179225836","display_name":"University of Augsburg","ror":"https://ror.org/03p14d497","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I179225836"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"E. Andre","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Augsburg, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Augsburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I179225836"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109964078","display_name":"Justine Cassell","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210142372","display_name":"Human Media","ror":"https://ror.org/04072nk43","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210142372"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. Cassell","raw_affiliation_strings":["Media Laboratory, MIT, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Media Laboratory, MIT, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210142372"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006862887","display_name":"E. Petajan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136376","display_name":"FACE Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/04121g745","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136376"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"E. Petajan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Face Face Animation"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Face Face Animation","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136376"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001979394","display_name":"Norman I. Badler","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8659-3828"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36788626","display_name":"California University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/01spssf70","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36788626"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"N. Badler","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Pennsylvania, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pennsylvania, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36788626"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5051992568"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212","https://openalex.org/I4210087747"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":39.5782,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":386,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99922874,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"4","first_page":"54","last_page":"63"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12290","display_name":"Human Motion and Animation","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12290","display_name":"Human Motion and Animation","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10812","display_name":"Human Pose and Action Recognition","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10709","display_name":"Social Robot Interaction and HRI","score":0.9940000176429749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8253363370895386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.7122448682785034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.679114043712616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.6781389713287354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conversation","display_name":"Conversation","score":0.6104593276977539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-actor","display_name":"Virtual actor","score":0.6013713479042053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.5911980867385864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/animation","display_name":"Animation","score":0.5766036510467529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-reality","display_name":"Virtual reality","score":0.5489948987960815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-facial-animation","display_name":"Computer facial animation","score":0.44133275747299194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimedia","display_name":"Multimedia","score":0.4313395023345947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-animation","display_name":"Computer animation","score":0.3957308530807495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-graphics","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","score":0.1518556773662567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.1407373547554016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systems-engineering","display_name":"Systems engineering","score":0.0734308660030365}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8253363370895386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.7122448682785034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.679114043712616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.6781389713287354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777200299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52943","display_name":"Conversation","level":2,"score":0.6104593276977539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150303390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1983852","display_name":"Virtual actor","level":3,"score":0.6013713479042053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.5911980867385864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C502989409","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11425","display_name":"Animation","level":2,"score":0.5766036510467529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194969405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170519","display_name":"Virtual reality","level":2,"score":0.5489948987960815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138591656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5157538","display_name":"Computer facial animation","level":4,"score":0.44133275747299194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.4313395023345947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69369342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1401416","display_name":"Computer animation","level":3,"score":0.3957308530807495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121684516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","level":1,"score":0.1518556773662567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.1407373547554016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0734308660030365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/mis.2002.1024753","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mis.2002.1024753","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S114241109","display_name":"IEEE Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"1541-1672","issn":["1541-1672","1941-1294"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.upenn.edu:cis_papers-1016","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://repository.upenn.edu/cis_papers/17","pdf_url":"https://repository.upenn.edu/bitstreams/b93d950e-cc64-47d9-a063-d4f2c3e9d45d/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402083","display_name":"ScholarlyCommons (University of Pennsylvania)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","host_organization_name":"University of Pennsylvania","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Departmental Papers (CIS)","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:ADA459228","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?&amp;verb=getRecord&amp;metadataPrefix=html&amp;identifier=ADA459228","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406923043","display_name":"Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"DTIC","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.19.6030","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.19.6030","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cis.upenn.edu/~badler/papers/x4GEW.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.upenn.edu:20.500.14332/6200","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://repository.upenn.edu/handle/20.500.14332/6200","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402083","display_name":"ScholarlyCommons (University of Pennsylvania)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","host_organization_name":"University of Pennsylvania","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"published","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:uni-augsburg.opus-bayern.de:39208","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:bvb:384-opus4-392082","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400930","display_name":"OPUS (Augsburg University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I119916105","host_organization_name":"Augsburg University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119916105"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.upenn.edu:cis_papers-1016","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://repository.upenn.edu/cis_papers/17","pdf_url":"https://repository.upenn.edu/bitstreams/b93d950e-cc64-47d9-a063-d4f2c3e9d45d/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402083","display_name":"ScholarlyCommons (University of Pennsylvania)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","host_organization_name":"University of Pennsylvania","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Departmental Papers (CIS)","raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2123795719.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2123795719.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":62,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W216945601","https://openalex.org/W1498698387","https://openalex.org/W1518357016","https://openalex.org/W1521793179","https://openalex.org/W1536003180","https://openalex.org/W1581889689","https://openalex.org/W1585217172","https://openalex.org/W1589577921","https://openalex.org/W1589781773","https://openalex.org/W1620600645","https://openalex.org/W1843294844","https://openalex.org/W1878590289","https://openalex.org/W1976212489","https://openalex.org/W1977137834","https://openalex.org/W1979928541","https://openalex.org/W1993962870","https://openalex.org/W1997427965","https://openalex.org/W1999090433","https://openalex.org/W1999808895","https://openalex.org/W2012852193","https://openalex.org/W2028946872","https://openalex.org/W2043878167","https://openalex.org/W2048673658","https://openalex.org/W2050007358","https://openalex.org/W2063623822","https://openalex.org/W2066715990","https://openalex.org/W2082065596","https://openalex.org/W2090254030","https://openalex.org/W2096076356","https://openalex.org/W2106115846","https://openalex.org/W2107002552","https://openalex.org/W2109888564","https://openalex.org/W2115903846","https://openalex.org/W2120654454","https://openalex.org/W2138977506","https://openalex.org/W2139417372","https://openalex.org/W2139795879","https://openalex.org/W2142532017","https://openalex.org/W2145170325","https://openalex.org/W2150791533","https://openalex.org/W2152377484","https://openalex.org/W2156034920","https://openalex.org/W2156880699","https://openalex.org/W2157492339","https://openalex.org/W2162598851","https://openalex.org/W2166430695","https://openalex.org/W2167877412","https://openalex.org/W2235036220","https://openalex.org/W2235920218","https://openalex.org/W2293741035","https://openalex.org/W2336236730","https://openalex.org/W2517480918","https://openalex.org/W3030808889","https://openalex.org/W4229720873","https://openalex.org/W4233266252","https://openalex.org/W4235690221","https://openalex.org/W4237772098","https://openalex.org/W4239029363","https://openalex.org/W6636666618","https://openalex.org/W6639371816","https://openalex.org/W6675640651","https://openalex.org/W6676257847"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1544039745","https://openalex.org/W2121378366","https://openalex.org/W2999276620","https://openalex.org/W2532377291","https://openalex.org/W2989004599","https://openalex.org/W2535923857","https://openalex.org/W1976926596","https://openalex.org/W3094080214","https://openalex.org/W2156310872","https://openalex.org/W2356609371"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Discusses":[0],"some":[1],"of":[2,31],"the":[3,22,54],"key":[4,29],"issues":[5,23],"that":[6],"must":[7],"be":[8],"addressed":[9],"in":[10,27],"creating":[11],"virtual":[12,32,46],"humans,":[13],"or":[14],"androids.":[15],"As":[16],"a":[17,45,50],"first":[18],"step,":[19],"we":[20],"overview":[21],"and":[24,38,40,60],"available":[25],"tools":[26],"three":[28],"areas":[30],"human":[33,41,47],"research:":[34],"face-to-face":[35],"conversation,":[36],"emotions":[37],"personality,":[39],"figure":[42],"animation.":[43],"Assembling":[44],"is":[48],"still":[49],"daunting":[51],"task,":[52],"but":[53],"building":[55],"blocks":[56],"are":[57],"getting":[58],"bigger":[59],"better":[61],"every":[62],"day.":[63]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":17}],"updated_date":"2026-04-05T17:49:38.594831","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
