{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7128423520","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/miot.2025.3646875","title":"Towards Secure Low-Altitude Airspace: MLLM-Enabled UAV Intent Recognition","display_name":"Towards Secure Low-Altitude Airspace: MLLM-Enabled UAV Intent Recognition","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7128423520","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/miot.2025.3646875"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/miot.2025.3646875","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/miot.2025.3646875","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210201254","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Magazine","issn_l":"2576-3180","issn":["2576-3180","2576-3199"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Magazine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108955653","display_name":"Guangyu Lei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7628-2778"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guangyu Lei","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7628-2778","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001968310","display_name":"Tianhao Liang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3628-364X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tianhao Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3628-364X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102683343","display_name":"Yuqi Ping","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0795-1066"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuqi Ping","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0795-1066","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125473027","display_name":"Xinglin Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinglin Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7847-4561","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005427216","display_name":"Longyu Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7702-3193"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152815399","display_name":"Singapore University of Technology and Design","ror":"https://ror.org/05j6fvn87","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Longyu Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Systems Technology and Design, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7702-3193","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Systems Technology and Design, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125467745","display_name":"Junwei Wu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junwei Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0185-5422","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Xiyuan Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7186-6812"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiyuan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7186-6812","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114173595","display_name":"Huahao Ding","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huahao Ding","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5883-3744","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100635716","display_name":"Xingjian Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1421-5881"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xingjian Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1421-5881","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125442948","display_name":"Weijie Yuan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3045169105","display_name":"Southern University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/049tv2d57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weijie Yuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of System Design and Intelligent Manufacturing, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2158-0046","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of System Design and Intelligent Manufacturing, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100329653","display_name":"Tingting Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2585-0290"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tingting Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2585-0290","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Qinyu Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9272-0475"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qinyu Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9272-0475","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":12,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":29.9726,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98535751,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"2","first_page":"93","last_page":"100"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":0.7964000105857849,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":0.7964000105857849,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11489","display_name":"Air Traffic Management and Optimization","score":0.04360000044107437,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.014800000004470348,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.6523000001907349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/payload","display_name":"Payload (computing)","score":0.5898000001907349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perception","display_name":"Perception","score":0.44510000944137573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/work","display_name":"Work (physics)","score":0.4011000096797943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.39399999380111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/motion","display_name":"Motion (physics)","score":0.37070000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drone","display_name":"Drone","score":0.3684000074863434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/activity-recognition","display_name":"Activity recognition","score":0.3305000066757202}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.6523000001907349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6026999950408936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134066672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1424639","display_name":"Payload (computing)","level":3,"score":0.5898000001907349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.4781000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.44510000944137573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4011000096797943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.39820000529289246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.39399999380111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104114177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79782","display_name":"Motion (physics)","level":2,"score":0.37070000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59519942","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q650665","display_name":"Drone","level":2,"score":0.3684000074863434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121687571","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4677630","display_name":"Activity recognition","level":2,"score":0.3305000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135641252","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q738567","display_name":"Multimodal interaction","level":2,"score":0.30889999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.3043000102043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.2971999943256378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.2971999943256378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98025372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q477538","display_name":"Systems architecture","level":3,"score":0.2939999997615814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145804949","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q478123","display_name":"Situation awareness","level":2,"score":0.2879999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64876066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5141226","display_name":"Cognitive neuroscience of visual object recognition","level":3,"score":0.27950000762939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184297639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177765","display_name":"Biometrics","level":2,"score":0.2766000032424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2694000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.2653000056743622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.2623000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.2563999891281128}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/miot.2025.3646875","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/miot.2025.3646875","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210201254","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Magazine","issn_l":"2576-3180","issn":["2576-3180","2576-3199"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Magazine","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1311435014","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62501194","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G528278319","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"GZC20252782","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","funder_display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7916304914","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62171160","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0426zh255"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W3214549945","https://openalex.org/W4221059414","https://openalex.org/W4392693601","https://openalex.org/W4393405282","https://openalex.org/W4399728248","https://openalex.org/W4400644893","https://openalex.org/W4404001797","https://openalex.org/W4404106022","https://openalex.org/W4406588628","https://openalex.org/W4410358938","https://openalex.org/W4411232431","https://openalex.org/W4417438566"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,65,72,85,105,123,131,145,159],"rapid":[2],"growth":[3],"of":[4,29,46,67,98,147],"low-altitude":[5,39,139],"technologies,":[6],"safety":[7],"risks":[8],"are":[9,162],"rising,":[10],"particularly":[11],"from":[12],"security":[13],"threats":[14],"posed":[15],"by":[16,111,165],"non-cooperative":[17],"unmanned":[18],"aerial":[19,30],"vehicles":[20],"(UAVs),":[21],"which":[22],"makes":[23],"accurate":[24],"perception":[25,87],"and":[26,71,95,104,117,126,150],"intent":[27,69,81,108],"recognition":[28,70,82,109],"targets":[31],"a":[32,37,53,135],"central":[33],"requirement":[34],"for":[35,138,154,169],"building":[36],"secure":[38],"environment.":[40],"The":[41],"advanced":[42],"generative":[43],"reasoning":[44],"capabilities":[45],"multimodal":[47,86],"large":[48],"language":[49],"models":[50],"(MLLMs)":[51],"present":[52,77],"promising":[54],"approach":[55],"in":[56],"such":[57],"tasks.":[58],"In":[59],"this":[60],"paper,":[61],"we":[62,75,121],"focus":[63],"on":[64],"combination":[66],"UAV":[68,80],"MLLMs.":[73],"Specifically,":[74],"first":[76],"an":[78],"MLLM-enabled":[79],"architecture,":[83],"where":[84],"system":[88,156],"is":[89,141],"utilized":[90],"to":[91,143],"obtain":[92],"real-time":[93],"payload":[94],"motion":[96],"information":[97],"UAVs,":[99],"generating":[100],"structured":[101],"input":[102],"information,":[103,114],"MLLM":[106],"outputs":[107],"results":[110],"incorporating":[112],"environmental":[113],"prior":[115],"knowledge,":[116],"tactical":[118],"preferences.":[119],"Subsequently,":[120],"review":[122],"related":[124],"work":[125],"demonstrate":[127,144],"their":[128],"progress":[129],"within":[130],"proposed":[132],"architecture.":[133],"Then,":[134],"use":[136],"case":[137],"confrontation":[140],"conducted":[142],"feasibility":[146],"our":[148],"architecture":[149],"offer":[151],"valuable":[152],"insights":[153],"practical":[155],"design.":[157],"Finally,":[158],"future":[160],"challenges":[161],"discussed,":[163],"followed":[164],"corresponding":[166],"strategic":[167],"recommendations":[168],"further":[170],"applications.":[171]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2026-02-10T00:00:00"}