{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2946416602","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/miot.2018.8717593","title":"Liability: When Things Go Wrong in an Increasingly Interconnected and Autonomous World: A European View","display_name":"Liability: When Things Go Wrong in an Increasingly Interconnected and Autonomous World: A European View","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2946416602","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/miot.2018.8717593","mag":"2946416602"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/miot.2018.8717593","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/miot.2018.8717593","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/8548628/8717585/08717593.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210201254","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Magazine","issn_l":"2576-3180","issn":["2576-3180","2576-3199"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Magazine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/8548628/8717585/08717593.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109551842","display_name":"J. Scott Marcus","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"J. Scott Marcus","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lord Endowed Chair in Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lord Endowed Chair in Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5109551842"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.3394,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.76457228,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"1","issue":"2","first_page":"4","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12185","display_name":"Regulation and Compliance Studies","score":0.9122999906539917,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12185","display_name":"Regulation and Compliance Studies","score":0.9122999906539917,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/product-liability","display_name":"Product liability","score":0.7992147207260132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/liability","display_name":"Liability","score":0.7481555342674255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/product","display_name":"Product (mathematics)","score":0.6727160215377808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/european-union","display_name":"European union","score":0.6609962582588196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.5735076665878296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/order","display_name":"Order (exchange)","score":0.5557055473327637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/goods-and-services","display_name":"Goods and services","score":0.49901676177978516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.4844920337200165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-analysis","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","score":0.4648076295852661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.45251986384391785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.43258392810821533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/service","display_name":"Service (business)","score":0.4185822606086731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/strict-liability","display_name":"Strict liability","score":0.4172735810279846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law-and-economics","display_name":"Law and economics","score":0.3810054063796997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.29295825958251953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/marketing","display_name":"Marketing","score":0.26456689834594727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.22214099764823914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/international-trade","display_name":"International trade","score":0.2218344807624817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/finance","display_name":"Finance","score":0.1561557650566101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/market-economy","display_name":"Market economy","score":0.09169021248817444}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777449729","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q525271","display_name":"Product liability","level":3,"score":0.7992147207260132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777834853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q96776939","display_name":"Liability","level":2,"score":0.7481555342674255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90673727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901718","display_name":"Product (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.6727160215377808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910001868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q458","display_name":"European union","level":2,"score":0.6609962582588196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.5735076665878296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182306322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779371","display_name":"Order (exchange)","level":2,"score":0.5557055473327637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187452473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2897903","display_name":"Goods and services","level":2,"score":0.49901676177978516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4844920337200165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.4648076295852661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.45251986384391785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.43258392810821533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351891","display_name":"Service (business)","level":2,"score":0.4185822606086731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59149807","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q705497","display_name":"Strict liability","level":3,"score":0.4172735810279846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.3810054063796997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.29295825958251953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.26456689834594727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.22214099764823914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155202549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178803","display_name":"International trade","level":1,"score":0.2218344807624817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.1561557650566101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34447519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179522","display_name":"Market economy","level":1,"score":0.09169021248817444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/miot.2018.8717593","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/miot.2018.8717593","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/8548628/8717585/08717593.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210201254","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Magazine","issn_l":"2576-3180","issn":["2576-3180","2576-3199"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Magazine","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/miot.2018.8717593","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/miot.2018.8717593","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/8548628/8717585/08717593.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210201254","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Magazine","issn_l":"2576-3180","issn":["2576-3180","2576-3199"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Magazine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2946416602.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2946416602.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":1,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W4241179358"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1886380058","https://openalex.org/W2357300624","https://openalex.org/W2370781901","https://openalex.org/W2368815439","https://openalex.org/W2369610647","https://openalex.org/W2361225652","https://openalex.org/W1606302284","https://openalex.org/W1963582077","https://openalex.org/W1486849828","https://openalex.org/W4321337155"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,82],"Internet":[1],"of":[2,77,95,103],"Things":[3],"(IoT)":[4],"potentially":[5,145],"offers":[6],"society":[7],"not":[8],"only":[9],"economic":[10],"advantage":[11],"but":[12,152],"also":[13],"gains":[14],"in":[15,98],"product":[16,48,111,143],"quality":[17],"and":[18,34,50,67,80,105,122],"safety.":[19],"At":[20],"the":[21,108],"same":[22],"time,":[23],"IoT":[24],"(in":[25],"conjunction":[26],"with":[27,62],"related":[28],"technologies":[29],"such":[30],"as":[31,42],"artificial":[32],"intelligence":[33],"machine":[35],"learning,":[36],"to":[37,91,100,117,129,140],"which":[38,114,118,126],"we":[39],"collectively":[40],"refer":[41],"IoT/AI/ML)":[43],"may":[44],"open":[45],"new":[46],"potential":[47,59],"safety":[49,112],"liability":[51,124],"exposures.":[52],"What":[53],"problems":[54],"might":[55],"be":[56],"anticipated?":[57],"Are":[58],"exposures":[60],"dealt":[61],"adequately":[63],"by":[64],"existing":[65,78],"legal":[66],"policy":[68,96],"measures,":[69],"or":[70,137],"do":[71],"they":[72,134],"call":[73],"for":[74],"some":[75],"re-thinking":[76],"law":[79],"regulation?":[81],"European":[83],"Union":[84],"(EU)":[85],"has":[86],"adopted":[87],"a":[88,141,146],"common":[89],"approach":[90],"two":[92],"key":[93],"groups":[94],"instruments":[97],"order":[99],"facilitate":[101],"trade":[102],"goods":[104,119],"services":[106],"throughout":[107],"EU:":[109],"(1)":[110],"regulation,":[113,125],"establishes":[115],"standards":[116],"must":[120],"conform;":[121],"(2)":[123],"enables":[127],"consumers":[128],"recover":[130],"their":[131],"costs":[132],"if":[133],"are":[135,150],"harmed":[136],"injured":[138],"due":[139],"malfunctioning":[142],"(or":[144],"defective":[147],"service).":[148],"Both":[149],"important,":[151],"our":[153],"focus":[154],"here":[155],"is":[156],"on":[157],"liability.":[158]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}