{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7117874087","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/milcom64451.2025.11310460","title":"Autoencoder-Based Gaussianity for Low Probability of Intercept Detection in Terahertz Communications","display_name":"Autoencoder-Based Gaussianity for Low Probability of Intercept Detection in Terahertz Communications","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7117874087","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/milcom64451.2025.11310460"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/milcom64451.2025.11310460","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/milcom64451.2025.11310460","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"MILCOM 2025 - 2025 IEEE Military Communications Conference (MILCOM)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009788312","display_name":"Abigail Oyekola","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137853757","display_name":"Howard University","ror":"https://ror.org/05gt1vc06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137853757"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Abigail O. Oyekola","raw_affiliation_strings":["Howard University,Dept. of Electrical Engineering Computer Science,Washington DC,USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Howard University,Dept. of Electrical Engineering Computer Science,Washington DC,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137853757"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085047621","display_name":"Majumder Haider","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7809-7805"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137853757","display_name":"Howard University","ror":"https://ror.org/05gt1vc06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137853757"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Majumder Haider","raw_affiliation_strings":["Howard University,Dept. of Electrical Engineering Computer Science,Washington DC,USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Howard University,Dept. of Electrical Engineering Computer Science,Washington DC,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137853757"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5105369775","display_name":"Imtiaz Ahmed","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137853757","display_name":"Howard University","ror":"https://ror.org/05gt1vc06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137853757"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Imtiaz Ahmed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Howard University,Dept. of Electrical Engineering Computer Science,Washington DC,USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Howard University,Dept. of Electrical Engineering Computer Science,Washington DC,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137853757"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121716818","display_name":"Danda B. Rawat","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137853757","display_name":"Howard University","ror":"https://ror.org/05gt1vc06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137853757"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Danda B. Rawat","raw_affiliation_strings":["Howard University,Dept. of Electrical Engineering Computer Science,Washington DC,USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Howard University,Dept. of Electrical Engineering Computer Science,Washington DC,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137853757"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5009788312"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137853757"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.58467491,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"311","last_page":"316"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.798799991607666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.798799991607666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.06859999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10752","display_name":"Terahertz technology and applications","score":0.02410000003874302,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/terahertz-radiation","display_name":"Terahertz radiation","score":0.7900999784469604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autoencoder","display_name":"Autoencoder","score":0.6111000180244446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.5569000244140625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensitivity","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","score":0.4595000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-gaussianity","display_name":"Non-Gaussianity","score":0.447299987077713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/homodyne-detection","display_name":"Homodyne detection","score":0.3878999948501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probability-distribution","display_name":"Probability distribution","score":0.37049999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frequency-band","display_name":"Frequency band","score":0.36559998989105225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.36000001430511475}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107816215","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q647887","display_name":"Terahertz radiation","level":2,"score":0.7900999784469604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101738243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q786435","display_name":"Autoencoder","level":3,"score":0.6111000180244446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.5569000244140625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.5422999858856201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.531000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.46380001306533813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21200559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451068","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","level":2,"score":0.4595000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152321242","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7048759","display_name":"Non-Gaussianity","level":4,"score":0.447299987077713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778184138","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1626181","display_name":"Homodyne detection","level":2,"score":0.3878999948501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149441793","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q200726","display_name":"Probability distribution","level":2,"score":0.37049999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778116611","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25110567","display_name":"Frequency band","level":3,"score":0.36559998989105225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.36000001430511475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101765175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q577764","display_name":"Communications system","level":2,"score":0.3441999852657318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.34119999408721924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3343000113964081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89631360","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1428766","display_name":"Phase noise","level":2,"score":0.3303000032901764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197055811","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207522","display_name":"Probability density function","level":2,"score":0.32280001044273376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137270730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q120811","display_name":"Detection theory","level":3,"score":0.3199000060558319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.3188000023365021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129404179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1469765","display_name":"Optical communication","level":2,"score":0.31209999322891235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118505674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42586063","display_name":"Encoder","level":2,"score":0.29179999232292175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44280652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104837","display_name":"Phase (matter)","level":2,"score":0.28439998626708984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62869609","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28137","display_name":"Quadrature (astronomy)","level":2,"score":0.27869999408721924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.27469998598098755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121864883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q677916","display_name":"Statistical physics","level":1,"score":0.26829999685287476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13944312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512748","display_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","level":2,"score":0.2606000006198883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104267543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208163","display_name":"Signal processing","level":3,"score":0.2558000087738037}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/milcom64451.2025.11310460","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/milcom64451.2025.11310460","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"MILCOM 2025 - 2025 IEEE Military Communications Conference (MILCOM)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313488","display_name":"Howard University","ror":"https://ror.org/05gt1vc06"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320316514","display_name":"Arm","ror":"https://ror.org/04mmhzs81"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1996118086","https://openalex.org/W2019280506","https://openalex.org/W2049634006","https://openalex.org/W2058162516","https://openalex.org/W2058461470","https://openalex.org/W2062112832","https://openalex.org/W2092424368","https://openalex.org/W2136162940","https://openalex.org/W2162914719","https://openalex.org/W2169302292","https://openalex.org/W2295064273","https://openalex.org/W2763008059","https://openalex.org/W2918704482","https://openalex.org/W2982165882","https://openalex.org/W2996078290","https://openalex.org/W3038769649","https://openalex.org/W3093540742","https://openalex.org/W3164837021","https://openalex.org/W3176935755","https://openalex.org/W3190752170","https://openalex.org/W4226033347","https://openalex.org/W4312415134","https://openalex.org/W4382701137","https://openalex.org/W4399909588"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"addresses":[2],"the":[3,18,43,61,72,81,107,118,157],"challenges":[4],"of":[5,20,26,48,64,83,109,120],"signal":[6],"interception":[7],"and":[8,28,71,74,93,137,152,162],"detection":[9],"in":[10,36,165],"Terahertz":[11],"(THz)":[12],"networks.":[13,168],"We":[14],"explore":[15],"how":[16],"preserving":[17],"Gaussianity":[19,85,108,121],"transmit":[21,51,113],"signals":[22],"enhances":[23,146],"Low":[24],"Probability":[25],"Intercept":[27],"Detection":[29],"(LPID)":[30],"features":[31],"using":[32],"a":[33],"data-driven":[34],"autoencoder":[35,142],"THz":[37,49,65,111,128,167],"band":[38,50,112,129],"communication":[39,164],"systems.":[40],"By":[41],"analyzing":[42],"probability":[44],"distribution":[45],"function":[46],"(PDF)":[47],"signals,":[52],"we":[53,79,100],"evaluate":[54],"their":[55],"impact":[56],"on":[57],"LPID":[58,95,131,147],"performance.":[59],"Given":[60],"high":[62],"sensitivity":[63],"systems":[66],"to":[67,90,134],"Phase":[68],"Noise":[69],"(PN)":[70],"In-phase":[73],"Quadrature":[75],"(IQ)":[76],"imbalance":[77,154],"impairments,":[78,155],"illustrate":[80],"importance":[82],"maintaining":[84],"under":[86],"varying":[87],"PN":[88,103,151],"conditions":[89],"ensure":[91],"reliable":[92,163],"secure":[94],"transmission.":[96],"Through":[97],"comprehensive":[98],"simulations,":[99],"demonstrate":[101],"that":[102],"does":[104],"not":[105,144],"compromise":[106],"autoencoder-based":[110,130],"signals.":[114],"These":[115],"results":[116],"highlight":[117],"robustness":[119],"preservation,":[122],"offering":[123],"critical":[124],"insights":[125],"for":[126,159],"designing":[127],"networks":[132],"resilient":[133],"eavesdropping,":[135],"jamming,":[136],"unauthorized":[138],"interception.":[139],"Our":[140],"proposed":[141],"framework":[143],"only":[145],"but":[148],"also":[149],"mitigates":[150],"IQ":[153],"paving":[156],"way":[158],"secure,":[160],"efficient,":[161],"next-generation":[166]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2026-01-01T00:00:00"}
