{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7117874369","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/milcom64451.2025.11309916","title":"Covert Communication over LoRaWAN by Exploiting MAC Headers","display_name":"Covert Communication over LoRaWAN by Exploiting MAC Headers","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7117874369","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/milcom64451.2025.11309916"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/milcom64451.2025.11309916","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/milcom64451.2025.11309916","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"MILCOM 2025 - 2025 IEEE Military Communications Conference (MILCOM)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121701118","display_name":"Erick Pacheco","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19700959","display_name":"Florida International University","ror":"https://ror.org/02gz6gg07","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19700959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Erick Pacheco","raw_affiliation_strings":["Florida International University,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Miami,FL,USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Florida International University,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Miami,FL,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19700959"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121724720","display_name":"Rolando Hevia","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19700959","display_name":"Florida International University","ror":"https://ror.org/02gz6gg07","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19700959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rolando Hevia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Florida International University,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Miami,FL,USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Florida International University,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Miami,FL,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19700959"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121738857","display_name":"Christopher Marin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19700959","display_name":"Florida International University","ror":"https://ror.org/02gz6gg07","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19700959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christopher Marin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Florida International University,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Miami,FL,USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Florida International University,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Miami,FL,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19700959"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121746256","display_name":"German Sanchez","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19700959","display_name":"Florida International University","ror":"https://ror.org/02gz6gg07","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19700959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"German Sanchez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Florida International University,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Miami,FL,USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Florida International University,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Miami,FL,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19700959"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014310418","display_name":"Manuel A. G\u00f3mez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9685-7559"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19700959","display_name":"Florida International University","ror":"https://ror.org/02gz6gg07","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19700959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Manuel Suarez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Florida International University,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Miami,FL,USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Florida International University,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Miami,FL,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19700959"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069655048","display_name":"Selcuk Uluagac","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19700959","display_name":"Florida International University","ror":"https://ror.org/02gz6gg07","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19700959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Selcuk Uluagac","raw_affiliation_strings":["Florida International University,Knight Foundation School of Computing and Information Sciences,Miami,FL,USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Florida International University,Knight Foundation School of Computing and Information Sciences,Miami,FL,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19700959"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103197823","display_name":"Kemal Akkaya","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7459-4612"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19700959","display_name":"Florida International University","ror":"https://ror.org/02gz6gg07","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19700959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kemal Akkaya","raw_affiliation_strings":["Florida International University,Knight Foundation School of Computing and Information Sciences,Miami,FL,USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Florida International University,Knight Foundation School of Computing and Information Sciences,Miami,FL,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19700959"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19700959"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"993","last_page":"998"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12079","display_name":"IoT Networks and Protocols","score":0.9225999712944031,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12079","display_name":"IoT Networks and Protocols","score":0.9225999712944031,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.02290000021457672,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11504","display_name":"Advanced Authentication Protocols Security","score":0.003700000001117587,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-packet","display_name":"Network packet","score":0.6057999730110168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covert-channel","display_name":"Covert channel","score":0.5788999795913696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/testbed","display_name":"Testbed","score":0.5378999710083008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.5333999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lpwan","display_name":"LPWAN","score":0.43380001187324524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol","display_name":"Protocol (science)","score":0.42239999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/header","display_name":"Header","score":0.3928000032901764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communications-protocol","display_name":"Communications protocol","score":0.3855000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications-link","display_name":"Telecommunications link","score":0.3767000138759613}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.7095000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.6057999730110168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29024540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1476964","display_name":"Covert channel","level":5,"score":0.5788999795913696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31395832","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1318674","display_name":"Testbed","level":2,"score":0.5378999710083008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.5333999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.44670000672340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776445043","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20706829","display_name":"LPWAN","level":3,"score":0.43380001187324524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.42239999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48105269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1141160","display_name":"Header","level":2,"score":0.3928000032901764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12269588","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132364","display_name":"Communications protocol","level":2,"score":0.3855000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138660444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5607897","display_name":"Telecommunications link","level":2,"score":0.3767000138759613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.35839998722076416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41918916","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192727","display_name":"PHY","level":4,"score":0.35580000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.34470000863075256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.3366999924182892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.3116999864578247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779338814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5179285","display_name":"Covert","level":2,"score":0.3082999885082245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182590292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q989632","display_name":"Network security","level":2,"score":0.30799999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19247436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192727","display_name":"Physical layer","level":3,"score":0.3059000074863434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20574231","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844605","display_name":"Backward compatibility","level":2,"score":0.3001999855041504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.2980000078678131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33884865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1254335","display_name":"Cryptographic protocol","level":3,"score":0.2768000066280365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108037233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11375","display_name":"Wireless network","level":3,"score":0.2671000063419342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95362637","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q54366","display_name":"Packet analyzer","level":3,"score":0.25540000200271606}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/milcom64451.2025.11309916","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/milcom64451.2025.11309916","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"MILCOM 2025 - 2025 IEEE Military Communications Conference (MILCOM)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2099137371","https://openalex.org/W2127907890","https://openalex.org/W2293242834","https://openalex.org/W2586718719","https://openalex.org/W2901111720","https://openalex.org/W2963798233","https://openalex.org/W4292071035","https://openalex.org/W4296918512","https://openalex.org/W4312286129","https://openalex.org/W4320494068","https://openalex.org/W4372271816","https://openalex.org/W4378903349","https://openalex.org/W4383820842","https://openalex.org/W4392397419","https://openalex.org/W4400121527","https://openalex.org/W4406309032"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"LoRaWAN":[0,54,60,113,147],"is":[1,143],"a":[2,40,111],"widely":[3],"adopted":[4],"low-power":[5],"wide-area":[6],"networking":[7],"(LPWAN)":[8],"protocol":[9,137],"designed":[10],"for":[11,34,73,164,172],"scalable":[12],"IoT":[13],"communications.":[14],"Much":[15],"existing":[16],"research":[17],"on":[18,25,110,131],"covert":[19,42,66,103,118],"channels":[20],"in":[21,48,182],"LoRa":[22],"systems":[23],"focuses":[24],"physical-layer":[26,83],"modulation,":[27],"but":[28],"higher":[29],"layers":[30],"present":[31,190],"overlooked":[32],"vectors":[33],"stealthy":[35,162],"data":[36],"embedding.":[37],"We":[38,85],"introduce":[39],"novel":[41],"communication":[43,163],"channel":[44,119],"exploiting":[45],"unused":[46],"bits":[47,67,104,122],"the":[49,59,96,117,121,170,179],"MAC":[50],"header":[51],"(MHDR)":[52],"of":[53,78],"downlink":[55,79,124],"packets.":[56],"By":[57],"modifying":[58],"network":[61,149],"server\u2019s":[62],"message":[63],"construction":[64],"logic,":[65],"can":[68],"be":[69],"injected":[70],"into":[71],"Reserved":[72],"Future":[74],"Use":[75],"(RFU)":[76],"fields":[77],"packets":[80],"without":[81],"altering":[82],"transmission.":[84],"maintain":[86],"full":[87],"compatibility":[88],"with":[89,126],"LoRaWAN\u2019s":[90],"encryption":[91],"and":[92],"integrity-checking":[93],"mechanisms,":[94],"including":[95],"Message":[97],"Integrity":[98],"Code":[99],"(MIC),":[100],"by":[101],"inserting":[102],"before":[105],"MIC":[106],"generation.":[107],"Experimental":[108],"validation":[109],"private":[112],"testbed":[114],"confirms":[115],"that":[116,176],"delivers":[120],"per":[123],"packet":[125,132],"no":[127],"practical":[128],"measurable":[129],"impact":[130],"delivery,":[133],"power":[134],"consumption,":[135],"or":[136,151,166],"compliance.":[138],"Security":[139],"analysis":[140],"shows":[141],"detection":[142],"improbable":[144],"under":[145],"standard":[146],"gateway,":[148],"server,":[150],"passive":[152],"RF":[153],"sniffer":[154],"monitoring":[155],"models.":[156],"The":[157],"proposed":[158],"method":[159],"enables":[160],"low-bandwidth,":[161],"benign":[165],"adversarial":[167],"purposes,":[168],"highlighting":[169],"need":[171],"holistic":[173],"security":[174],"audits":[175],"extend":[177],"beyond":[178],"PHY":[180],"layer":[181],"LPWAN":[183],"protocols.":[184],"To":[185],"this":[186,195],"end,":[187],"we":[188],"also":[189],"several":[191],"countermeasures":[192],"to":[193],"mitigate":[194],"issue.":[196]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2026-01-01T00:00:00"}
