{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4320031226","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/milcom55135.2022.10017945","title":"WHAC-A-MOLE","display_name":"WHAC-A-MOLE","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-11-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4320031226","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/milcom55135.2022.10017945"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/milcom55135.2022.10017945","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/milcom55135.2022.10017945","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608114","display_name":"MILCOM 2022 - 2022 IEEE Military Communications Conference (MILCOM)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"MILCOM 2022 - 2022 IEEE Military Communications Conference (MILCOM)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049550852","display_name":"Eric T. Makara","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4388482696","display_name":"Naval Research Laboratory Information Technology Division","ror":"https://ror.org/04xfp8b22","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1288214837","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I175003984","https://openalex.org/I3130687028","https://openalex.org/I4388482696"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1288214837","display_name":"United States Naval Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/04d23a975","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1288214837","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I175003984","https://openalex.org/I3130687028"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Eric T. Makara","raw_affiliation_strings":["Naval Research Laboratory,Networks and Communications Systems Branch,Washington,DC,USA","Networks and Communications Systems Branch, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Naval Research Laboratory,Networks and Communications Systems Branch,Washington,DC,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1288214837"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Networks and Communications Systems Branch, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1288214837","https://openalex.org/I4388482696"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058006275","display_name":"Jos\u00e9ph Moln\u00e1r","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2254-6269"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1288214837","display_name":"United States Naval Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/04d23a975","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1288214837","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I175003984","https://openalex.org/I3130687028"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4388482696","display_name":"Naval Research Laboratory Information Technology Division","ror":"https://ror.org/04xfp8b22","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1288214837","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I175003984","https://openalex.org/I3130687028","https://openalex.org/I4388482696"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joseph A. Molnar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Naval Research Laboratory,Networks and Communications Systems Branch,Washington,DC,USA","Networks and Communications Systems Branch, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Naval Research Laboratory,Networks and Communications Systems Branch,Washington,DC,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1288214837"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Networks and Communications Systems Branch, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1288214837","https://openalex.org/I4388482696"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111876816","display_name":"Lan Tran","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4388482696","display_name":"Naval Research Laboratory Information Technology Division","ror":"https://ror.org/04xfp8b22","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1288214837","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I175003984","https://openalex.org/I3130687028","https://openalex.org/I4388482696"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1288214837","display_name":"United States Naval Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/04d23a975","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1288214837","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I175003984","https://openalex.org/I3130687028"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lan H. Tran","raw_affiliation_strings":["Naval Research Laboratory,Networks and Communications Systems Branch,Washington,DC,USA","Networks and Communications Systems Branch, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Naval Research Laboratory,Networks and Communications Systems Branch,Washington,DC,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1288214837"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Networks and Communications Systems Branch, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1288214837","https://openalex.org/I4388482696"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103053694","display_name":"John B. Wood","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6729-8978"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1288214837","display_name":"United States Naval Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/04d23a975","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1288214837","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I175003984","https://openalex.org/I3130687028"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4388482696","display_name":"Naval Research Laboratory Information Technology Division","ror":"https://ror.org/04xfp8b22","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1288214837","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I175003984","https://openalex.org/I3130687028","https://openalex.org/I4388482696"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John B. Wood","raw_affiliation_strings":["Naval Research Laboratory,Networks and Communications Systems Branch,Washington,DC,USA","Networks and Communications Systems Branch, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Naval Research Laboratory,Networks and Communications Systems Branch,Washington,DC,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1288214837"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Networks and Communications Systems Branch, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1288214837","https://openalex.org/I4388482696"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026395420","display_name":"Er-Hsien Frank Fu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210150894","display_name":"Jacobs (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05pmj3x43","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210150894"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Er-Hsien Frank Fu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jacobs Inc.,Arlington,VA,USA","Jacobs Inc., Arlington, VA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jacobs Inc.,Arlington,VA,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210150894"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jacobs Inc., Arlington, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210150894"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5049550852"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1288214837","https://openalex.org/I4388482696"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.30414595,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"810","last_page":"816"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12791","display_name":"Full-Duplex Wireless Communications","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12791","display_name":"Full-Duplex Wireless Communications","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10069","display_name":"Antenna Design and Analysis","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10246","display_name":"Mobile Ad Hoc Networks","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6338127255439758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/waveform","display_name":"Waveform","score":0.5395689606666565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-division-multiple-access","display_name":"Time division multiple access","score":0.5358453989028931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frequency-hopping-spread-spectrum","display_name":"Frequency-hopping spread spectrum","score":0.5113048553466797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transceiver","display_name":"Transceiver","score":0.48224005103111267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.4211330711841583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-defined-radio","display_name":"Software-defined radio","score":0.42102542519569397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.4019569158554077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.3957703113555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2181994915008545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.17153191566467285}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6338127255439758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197424946","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165717","display_name":"Waveform","level":3,"score":0.5395689606666565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117313154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q878344","display_name":"Time division multiple access","level":2,"score":0.5358453989028931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122962297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1136013","display_name":"Frequency-hopping spread spectrum","level":2,"score":0.5113048553466797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7720470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q954187","display_name":"Transceiver","level":3,"score":0.48224005103111267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.4211330711841583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171115542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1331892","display_name":"Software-defined radio","level":2,"score":0.42102542519569397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4019569158554077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3957703113555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2181994915008545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.17153191566467285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/milcom55135.2022.10017945","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/milcom55135.2022.10017945","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608114","display_name":"MILCOM 2022 - 2022 IEEE Military Communications Conference (MILCOM)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"MILCOM 2022 - 2022 IEEE Military Communications Conference (MILCOM)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","display_name":"Office of Naval Research","ror":"https://ror.org/00rk2pe57"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":3,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1996985683","https://openalex.org/W2030245172","https://openalex.org/W2768915011"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2062685303","https://openalex.org/W2026775356","https://openalex.org/W1739175551","https://openalex.org/W2135616594","https://openalex.org/W2075805274","https://openalex.org/W4205738815","https://openalex.org/W3215429560","https://openalex.org/W1550079257","https://openalex.org/W3049633057","https://openalex.org/W4226459069"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Obfuscation":[0,41],"techniques":[1],"may":[2],"be":[3,75,124,128],"used":[4],"to":[5,78,147,155,205],"increase":[6,156],"the":[7,20,26,115,132,157,213],"difficulty":[8,158],"of":[9,30,42,53,70,117,121,159,198,209],"localizing":[10],"and":[11,82,107,162,170,176],"identifying":[12],"RF":[13],"emissions,":[14],"creating":[15,65],"a":[16,51,66,101,153,178,183,195,201,222],"logical":[17],"fog":[18],"over":[19],"electromagnetic":[21],"spectrum":[22],"(EMS)":[23],"environment,":[24,215],"reducing":[25],"situational":[27],"awareness":[28],"(SA)":[29],"an":[31,47],"adversary.":[32],"WHAC-A-MOLE":[33,166],"(Wireless":[34],"Heterogeneous":[35],"Adaptive":[36],"Communications":[37],"Architecture":[38],"for":[39,50,92,104,181],"Multi-Waveform":[40],"Localizable":[43],"Emissions)-is":[44],"presented":[45],"as":[46,152],"overlay":[48,186],"protocol":[49],"network":[52,203],"multiple-transceiver":[54],"software-defined":[55],"radio":[56,174],"(SDR)":[57],"platforms.":[58],"The":[59,97,136,165],"system":[60,167],"obfuscates":[61],"communications":[62],"networks":[63],"by":[64,217],"time-based":[67],"emissions":[68],"scheme":[69,187],"heterogeneous":[71],"waveforms":[72],"that":[73,126],"can":[74,123,127],"dynamically":[76],"allocated":[77],"different":[79,84],"frequency":[80,150,190],"channels":[81],"use":[83],"physical":[85],"characteristics":[86],"(modulation,":[87],"power,":[88],"coding,":[89],"spreading,":[90],"etc.)":[91],"each":[93],"predetermined":[94],"time":[95,108],"period.":[96],"basic":[98,179,207],"concept":[99],"employs":[100],"shared":[102],"schedule":[103],"waveform":[105,145,210],"execution":[106],"division":[109],"multiple":[110],"access":[111],"(TDMA).":[112],"Based":[113],"on":[114,131],"number":[116],"transceivers,":[118],"additional":[119],"layers":[120],"complexity":[122],"added":[125],"tailored":[129],"based":[130,185],"emission":[133],"threat":[134],"profile.":[135],"technique":[137],"explored":[138],"in":[139,172,212,220],"this":[140],"work":[141,193],"uses":[142],"agile,":[143],"pseudo-random":[144],"selection":[146],"augment":[148],"traditional":[149,189],"hopping":[151],"means":[154],"adversary":[160],"targeting":[161],"signal":[163],"characterization.":[164],"was":[168],"designed":[169],"implemented":[171],"development":[173],"hardware":[175],"demonstrated":[177],"capability":[180],"establishing":[182],"time-division":[184],"beyond":[188],"hopping.":[191],"This":[192],"established":[194],"baseline":[196],"proof":[197],"concept,":[199],"using":[200],"simplified":[202],"structure,":[204],"demonstrate":[206],"automation":[208],"switching":[211],"laboratory":[214],"followed":[216],"initial":[218],"steps":[219],"implementing":[221],"fully":[223],"automated":[224],"process.":[225]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2023-02-12T00:00:00"}