{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4320031131","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/milcom55135.2022.10017900","title":"Kaputa - Blockchain, Non-Fungible Token and Model Card Integrated 5G/6G Network Slice Broker and Marketplace","display_name":"Kaputa - Blockchain, Non-Fungible Token and Model Card Integrated 5G/6G Network Slice Broker and Marketplace","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-11-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4320031131","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/milcom55135.2022.10017900"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/milcom55135.2022.10017900","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/milcom55135.2022.10017900","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608114","display_name":"MILCOM 2022 - 2022 IEEE Military Communications Conference (MILCOM)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"MILCOM 2022 - 2022 IEEE Military Communications Conference (MILCOM)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029833650","display_name":"Eranga Bandara","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3214-5346"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I81365321","display_name":"Old Dominion University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zjtrb98","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I81365321"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Eranga Bandara","raw_affiliation_strings":["Old Dominion University,Norfolk,VA,USA","Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Old Dominion University,Norfolk,VA,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I81365321"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I81365321"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052787847","display_name":"Sachin Shetty","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8789-0610"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I81365321","display_name":"Old Dominion University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zjtrb98","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I81365321"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sachin Shetty","raw_affiliation_strings":["Old Dominion University,Norfolk,VA,USA","Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Old Dominion University,Norfolk,VA,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I81365321"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I81365321"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035065105","display_name":"Ravi Mukkamala","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6323-9789"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I81365321","display_name":"Old Dominion University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zjtrb98","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I81365321"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ravi Mukkamala","raw_affiliation_strings":["Old Dominion University,Norfolk,VA,USA","Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Old Dominion University,Norfolk,VA,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I81365321"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I81365321"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112716337","display_name":"Abdul Rahman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-8201-3787"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145325580","display_name":"Deloitte (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03xkm6e60","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145325580","https://openalex.org/I4210139068"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdul Rahman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Deloitte & Touche LLP"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Deloitte & Touche LLP","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145325580"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052612007","display_name":"Peter Foytik","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I81365321","display_name":"Old Dominion University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zjtrb98","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I81365321"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter Foytik","raw_affiliation_strings":["Old Dominion University,Norfolk,VA,USA","Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Old Dominion University,Norfolk,VA,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I81365321"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I81365321"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062377042","display_name":"Xueping Liang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8764-9966"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19700959","display_name":"Florida International University","ror":"https://ror.org/02gz6gg07","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19700959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xueping Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Florida International University,USA","Florida International University, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Florida International University,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19700959"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Florida International University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19700959"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008926869","display_name":"Wee Keong Ng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7106-2768"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ng Wee Keong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanyang Technological University,Singapore","Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanyang Technological University,Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5029833650"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I81365321"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.1619,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89891546,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"559","last_page":"564"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9871000051498413,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7257575988769531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.5466440916061401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/service-provider","display_name":"Service provider","score":0.5286821722984314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.4502057135105133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/core-network","display_name":"Core network","score":0.44340506196022034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.38985615968704224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/service","display_name":"Service (business)","score":0.3074157238006592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.1586880385875702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.14132514595985413}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7257575988769531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.5466440916061401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116537","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2169973","display_name":"Service provider","level":3,"score":0.5286821722984314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4502057135105133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5038329","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1142907","display_name":"Core network","level":2,"score":0.44340506196022034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.38985615968704224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351891","display_name":"Service (business)","level":2,"score":0.3074157238006592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.1586880385875702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.14132514595985413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/milcom55135.2022.10017900","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/milcom55135.2022.10017900","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608114","display_name":"MILCOM 2022 - 2022 IEEE Military Communications Conference (MILCOM)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"MILCOM 2022 - 2022 IEEE Military Communications Conference (MILCOM)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338295","display_name":"Army Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/011hc8f90"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2108296824","https://openalex.org/W2783147858","https://openalex.org/W2912157678","https://openalex.org/W2943775220","https://openalex.org/W2944469681","https://openalex.org/W3002974439","https://openalex.org/W3003263790","https://openalex.org/W3023560702","https://openalex.org/W3044152619","https://openalex.org/W3088385878","https://openalex.org/W3108022551","https://openalex.org/W3126426615","https://openalex.org/W3129748361","https://openalex.org/W3130746454","https://openalex.org/W3134632303","https://openalex.org/W3158944427","https://openalex.org/W3162358200","https://openalex.org/W3169055611","https://openalex.org/W3188190239","https://openalex.org/W3197719663","https://openalex.org/W4280528540","https://openalex.org/W6795551194"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4244478748","https://openalex.org/W4223488648","https://openalex.org/W2134969820","https://openalex.org/W2251605416","https://openalex.org/W4389340727","https://openalex.org/W4205786897","https://openalex.org/W3150465815","https://openalex.org/W1997222214","https://openalex.org/W2802581102","https://openalex.org/W2602905131"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"5G":[0,48,154,199],"network":[1,18,34,84,89,99,105,116,127,146,175,218,232,245],"slicing":[2],"enables":[3],"IoT":[4],"networks":[5,41],"to":[6,36,42,56,61,109,215,230,241],"connect":[7],"billions":[8],"of":[9,15,39,121,173,190,204],"heterogeneous":[10],"objects":[11],"providing":[12,57,237],"high":[13,17],"quality":[14],"service,":[16],"capacity,":[19],"and":[20,33,64,69,87,103,135,182,197,228,243],"enhanced":[21,226],"system":[22],"throughput.":[23],"It":[24],"opens":[25],"a":[26,82],"new":[27],"marketplace":[28,150],"opportunity":[29],"for":[30],"cloud":[31,97],"providers":[32,106],"operators":[35],"sell":[37],"portions":[38],"their":[40,111,153],"address":[43,73],"specific":[44],"customer":[45],"needs":[46],"in":[47,76,137,184,247],"applications.":[49],"However,":[50],"there":[51],"are":[52],"numerous":[53],"open":[54,239],"challenges":[55],"end-to-end":[58],"slices":[59,117,128,147,176,219,246],"due":[60],"complex":[62],"business":[63],"engineering":[65],"requirements":[66,156],"from":[67,148],"service":[68],"resource":[70],"providers.":[71,168],"To":[72,201],"these":[74],"challenges,":[75],"this":[77,207],"paper,":[78],"we":[79],"propose":[80],"\u201cKaputa\u201d,":[81],"blockchain-enabled":[83],"slice":[85,90,233],"broker":[86],"NFT-enabled":[88],"marketplace.":[91,141,249],"Here,":[92],"different":[93,167],"stakeholders":[94],"such":[95],"as":[96,132,220],"providers,":[98,102],"operators,":[100],"RAN":[101],"transport":[104],"can":[107,143],"collaborate":[108],"rent":[110],"resources.":[112],"Kaputa":[113,139,191],"orchestrates":[114],"the":[115,119,138,145,149,174,185,202,209,231,248],"with":[118,195],"help":[120],"blockchain":[122,186],"smart":[123],"contracts.":[124],"The":[125,161,169],"orchestrated":[126],"will":[129,163],"be":[130,164],"encoded":[131,178],"NFT":[133,140],"tokens":[134],"published":[136],"Customers":[142],"purchase":[144],"based":[151],"on":[152],"application":[155],"via":[157],"paying":[158],"crypto/fiat":[159],"currency.":[160],"revenue":[162],"distributed":[165],"among":[166],"data":[170],"provenance":[171],"information":[172],"is":[177,208],"into":[179],"Model":[180],"Cards":[181],"stored":[183],"ledger.":[187],"A":[188],"prototype":[189],"has":[192],"been":[193],"implemented":[194],"FreedomFi":[196],"OpenAirInterface":[198],"core.":[200],"best":[203],"our":[205],"knowledge,":[206],"very":[210],"first":[211],"research":[212],"that":[213],"tries":[214],"represent":[216],"5G/6G":[217],"NFTs.":[221],"This":[222],"design":[223],"methodology":[224],"provides":[225],"transparency":[227],"auditability":[229],"orchestration":[234],"process":[235],"while":[236],"an":[238],"platform":[240],"share":[242],"trade":[244]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}