{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4320031078","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/milcom55135.2022.10017724","title":"Classification of Radio Signals Using Truncated Gaussian Discriminant Analysis of Convolutional Neural Network-Derived Features","display_name":"Classification of Radio Signals Using Truncated Gaussian Discriminant Analysis of Convolutional Neural Network-Derived Features","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-11-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4320031078","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/milcom55135.2022.10017724"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/milcom55135.2022.10017724","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/milcom55135.2022.10017724","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608114","display_name":"MILCOM 2022 - 2022 IEEE Military Communications Conference (MILCOM)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"MILCOM 2022 - 2022 IEEE Military Communications Conference (MILCOM)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053247217","display_name":"J.B. Persons","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J.B. Persons","raw_affiliation_strings":["Virginia Tech,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Blacksburg,VA,USA,24061"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Virginia Tech,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Blacksburg,VA,USA,24061","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045887475","display_name":"Lauren J. Wong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5896-0176"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343180700","display_name":"Intel (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01ek73717","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"L. J. Wong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intel AI Lab,Santa Clara,CA,USA","Intel AI Lab, Santa Clara, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intel AI Lab,Santa Clara,CA,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intel AI Lab, Santa Clara, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069835820","display_name":"Megan O. Moore","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5678-7231"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M.O. Moore","raw_affiliation_strings":["Virginia Tech,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Blacksburg,VA,USA,24061"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Virginia Tech,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Blacksburg,VA,USA,24061","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110245984","display_name":"William C. Headley","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6306-072X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159324","display_name":"National Security Technologies (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05fss0456","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210159324"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"W. C. Headley","raw_affiliation_strings":["Virginia Tech,Hume Center for National Security and Technology","Hume Center for National Security and Technology, Virginia Tech"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Virginia Tech,Hume Center for National Security and Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210159324"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hume Center for National Security and Technology, Virginia Tech","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075822978","display_name":"Michael C. Fowler","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7538-231X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159324","display_name":"National Security Technologies (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05fss0456","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210159324"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. C. Fowler","raw_affiliation_strings":["Virginia Tech,Hume Center for National Security and Technology","Hume Center for National Security and Technology, Virginia Tech"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Virginia Tech,Hume Center for National Security and Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210159324"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hume Center for National Security and Technology, Virginia Tech","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.20279801,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":null,"first_page":"304","last_page":"310"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.9929999709129333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.9839000105857849,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.7538942098617554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bootstrapping","display_name":"Bootstrapping (finance)","score":0.7337802052497864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6904441118240356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5919130444526672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5806964635848999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaussian","display_name":"Gaussian","score":0.5502413511276245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linear-discriminant-analysis","display_name":"Linear discriminant analysis","score":0.5046695470809937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modulation","display_name":"Modulation (music)","score":0.4696440100669861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.44693833589553833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.43270939588546753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaussian-process","display_name":"Gaussian process","score":0.42307087779045105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.17465046048164368}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.7538942098617554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207609745","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4944086","display_name":"Bootstrapping (finance)","level":2,"score":0.7337802052497864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6904441118240356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5919130444526672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5806964635848999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163716315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901177","display_name":"Gaussian","level":2,"score":0.5502413511276245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69738355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1228929","display_name":"Linear discriminant analysis","level":2,"score":0.5046695470809937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123079801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750240","display_name":"Modulation (music)","level":2,"score":0.4696440100669861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.44693833589553833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.43270939588546753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61326573","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1496376","display_name":"Gaussian process","level":3,"score":0.42307087779045105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.17465046048164368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107038049","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35986","display_name":"Aesthetics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/milcom55135.2022.10017724","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/milcom55135.2022.10017724","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608114","display_name":"MILCOM 2022 - 2022 IEEE Military Communications Conference (MILCOM)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"MILCOM 2022 - 2022 IEEE Military Communications Conference (MILCOM)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.75}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2147735901","https://openalex.org/W2272847350","https://openalex.org/W2505036611","https://openalex.org/W2773874478","https://openalex.org/W2890741060","https://openalex.org/W2906836969","https://openalex.org/W2916820451","https://openalex.org/W2921412127","https://openalex.org/W2963090019","https://openalex.org/W2963798233","https://openalex.org/W2996613410","https://openalex.org/W3207406191","https://openalex.org/W4213009331","https://openalex.org/W4220791735","https://openalex.org/W4232670461","https://openalex.org/W4249142012","https://openalex.org/W6649863312","https://openalex.org/W6682778277","https://openalex.org/W6737279472","https://openalex.org/W6745434554","https://openalex.org/W6766154531","https://openalex.org/W6809422110"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1534274833","https://openalex.org/W3117246195","https://openalex.org/W2081850291","https://openalex.org/W156620619","https://openalex.org/W2914363205","https://openalex.org/W1598221548","https://openalex.org/W1963695443","https://openalex.org/W2997844990","https://openalex.org/W2616249226","https://openalex.org/W3121940562"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"To":[0],"improve":[1],"the":[2,16,70,75,105,117],"utility":[3],"and":[4,12,24,48],"scalability":[5],"of":[6,46,57,65,84,92,119],"distributed":[7],"radio":[8],"frequency":[9],"(RF)":[10],"sensor":[11],"communication":[13],"networks,":[14],"reduce":[15],"need":[17],"for":[18,37,62,100,122],"convolutional":[19],"neural":[20],"network":[21],"(CNN)":[22],"retraining,":[23],"efficiently":[25],"share":[26],"learned":[27],"information":[28],"about":[29],"signals,":[30],"we":[31],"examined":[32],"a":[33,93],"supervised":[34],"bootstrapping":[35,106],"approach":[36],"RF":[38],"modulation":[39,50],"classification.":[40],"We":[41],"show":[42],"that":[43,91],"CNN-bootstrapped":[44,85],"features":[45,86],"new":[47,66,123],"existing":[49],"classes":[51,67,102],"can":[52],"be":[53,88],"considered":[54],"as":[55],"mixtures":[56],"truncated":[58],"Gaussian":[59],"distributions,":[60],"allowing":[61],"maximum-likelihood-based":[63],"classification":[64,78],"without":[68],"retraining":[69],"network.":[71],"In":[72],"this":[73],"work,":[74],"authors":[76],"observed":[77],"performance":[79,112],"using":[80],"maximum":[81],"likelihood":[82],"estimation":[83],"to":[87,90,130],"comparable":[89],"CNN":[94,107],"trained":[95],"on":[96,103],"all":[97],"classes,":[98],"even":[99],"those":[101],"which":[104],"was":[108,113],"not":[109],"trained.":[110],"This":[111],"achieved":[114],"while":[115],"reducing":[116],"number":[118],"parameters":[120],"needed":[121],"class":[124],"definition":[125],"from":[126],"over":[127],"8":[128],"million":[129],"only":[131],"200.":[132]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
