{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4320031229","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/milcom55135.2022.10017699","title":"Positive and Unlabeled Learning for Mobile Application Traffic Classification","display_name":"Positive and Unlabeled Learning for Mobile Application Traffic Classification","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-11-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4320031229","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/milcom55135.2022.10017699"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/milcom55135.2022.10017699","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/milcom55135.2022.10017699","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608114","display_name":"MILCOM 2022 - 2022 IEEE Military Communications Conference (MILCOM)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"MILCOM 2022 - 2022 IEEE Military Communications Conference (MILCOM)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076401112","display_name":"Jason Hussey","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I167576493","display_name":"Colorado School of Mines","ror":"https://ror.org/04raf6v53","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I167576493"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jason Hussey","raw_affiliation_strings":["Colorado School of Mines"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Colorado School of Mines","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I167576493"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065414784","display_name":"Kerri Lynn Stone","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0222-7415"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kerri Stone","raw_affiliation_strings":["iCR, inc"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"iCR, inc","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071319364","display_name":"Tracy Camp","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8570-7966"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I167576493","display_name":"Colorado School of Mines","ror":"https://ror.org/04raf6v53","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I167576493"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tracy Camp","raw_affiliation_strings":["Colorado School of Mines"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Colorado School of Mines","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I167576493"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5076401112"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I167576493"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.2078,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.4634777,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"25","last_page":"30"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.8174576759338379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8080890774726868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/situation-awareness","display_name":"Situation awareness","score":0.5925843715667725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-media","display_name":"Social media","score":0.5498174428939819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4497900605201721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4427379071712494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transfer-of-learning","display_name":"Transfer of learning","score":0.42115330696105957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.36032748222351074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.3061861991882324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.16415175795555115}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.8174576759338379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8080890774726868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145804949","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q478123","display_name":"Situation awareness","level":2,"score":0.5925843715667725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518677369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202833","display_name":"Social media","level":2,"score":0.5498174428939819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4497900605201721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4427379071712494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150899416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820378","display_name":"Transfer of learning","level":2,"score":0.42115330696105957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.36032748222351074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3061861991882324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.16415175795555115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/milcom55135.2022.10017699","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/milcom55135.2022.10017699","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608114","display_name":"MILCOM 2022 - 2022 IEEE Military Communications Conference (MILCOM)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"MILCOM 2022 - 2022 IEEE Military Communications Conference (MILCOM)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1973668864","https://openalex.org/W1995443851","https://openalex.org/W2005802709","https://openalex.org/W2050871273","https://openalex.org/W2101234009","https://openalex.org/W2105497548","https://openalex.org/W2123958887","https://openalex.org/W2149600645","https://openalex.org/W2190207511","https://openalex.org/W2295598076","https://openalex.org/W2296719434","https://openalex.org/W2330681997","https://openalex.org/W2492794003","https://openalex.org/W2792514994","https://openalex.org/W2811111226","https://openalex.org/W2896684831","https://openalex.org/W2899867782","https://openalex.org/W2950048690","https://openalex.org/W2963403784","https://openalex.org/W2982309555","https://openalex.org/W3181596493","https://openalex.org/W7065670573"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W3024912289","https://openalex.org/W2415747217","https://openalex.org/W2561023719","https://openalex.org/W4382644910","https://openalex.org/W2094708502","https://openalex.org/W2143767096","https://openalex.org/W1542973883","https://openalex.org/W2085357910","https://openalex.org/W3193592231"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Encrypted":[0],"messaging":[1,138,202],"applications":[2,98,102,203],"are":[3,18,67,204],"a":[4,56,60,89,111,117,124,157,163,181,212],"type":[5],"of":[6,15,26,47,55,78,88,96,120,132,145,159,168,177,198,215],"social":[7,100,201],"media":[8,101],"that":[9,23,66,156,178],"provide":[10],"privacy":[11],"for":[12,104,123],"the":[13,53,72,76,94,175,195],"contents":[14],"messages,":[16],"but":[17,62],"susceptible":[19],"to":[20,44,51,69,84,173,193],"side-channel":[21],"attacks":[22],"take":[24,45],"advantage":[25,46],"information":[27,50],"leaked":[28,49],"through":[29],"network":[30,33,61,91,160],"traces.":[31],"Mobile":[32],"traffic":[34,161],"classification":[35],"using":[36,110],"machine":[37],"learning":[38,83],"(ML)":[39],"is":[40],"an":[41,129,136,142],"effective":[42],"technique":[43,189],"this":[48,188],"reveal":[52,174],"presence":[54,95,176],"specific":[57],"application":[58,149,167,179],"on":[59,207],"requires":[63],"fully-labeled":[64],"datasets":[65],"difficult":[68],"obtain":[70],"in":[71,150,180,205],"real-world.":[73],"We":[74,127],"show":[75],"ability":[77],"positive":[79],"and":[80,141],"unlabeled":[81,113,183],"(PU)":[82],"increase":[85],"situational":[86,196],"awareness":[87,197],"given":[90,125],"by":[92],"revealing":[93],"mobile":[97,166],"(e.g.,":[99],"used":[103,172],"encrypted":[105,137,200],"messaging,":[106],"such":[107],"as":[108],"Signal),":[109],"large":[112],"dataset":[114,158],"coupled":[115],"with":[116,210],"small":[118,213],"amount":[119,214],"labeled":[121,216],"data":[122],"application.":[126],"attain":[128],"average":[130,143],"f1-score":[131,144],"0.8708":[133],"when":[134],"classifying":[135],"application,":[139],"Signal,":[140],"0.6497":[146],"across":[147],"every":[148],"our":[151],"dataset.":[152,184],"Our":[153],"results":[154],"demonstrate":[155],"containing":[162],"single":[164],"target":[165],"interest":[169],"can":[170],"be":[171],"larger,":[182],"In":[185],"other":[186],"words,":[187],"makes":[190],"it":[191],"possible":[192],"expand":[194],"which":[199],"use":[206],"defense":[208],"networks":[209],"only":[211],"data.":[217]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-12-24T23:09:58.560324","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}