{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4320031203","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/milcom55135.2022.10017531","title":"MalGrid: Visualization of Binary Features in Large Malware Corpora","display_name":"MalGrid: Visualization of Binary Features in Large Malware Corpora","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-11-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4320031203","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/milcom55135.2022.10017531"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/milcom55135.2022.10017531","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/milcom55135.2022.10017531","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608114","display_name":"MILCOM 2022 - 2022 IEEE Military Communications Conference (MILCOM)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"MILCOM 2022 - 2022 IEEE Military Communications Conference (MILCOM)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108745743","display_name":"Tajuddin Manhar Mohammed","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123064","display_name":"Mayachitra (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/02pvba079","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210123064"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tajuddin Manhar Mohammed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mayachitra, Inc.,Santa Barbara,California","Mayachitra, Inc., Santa Barbara, California"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mayachitra, Inc.,Santa Barbara,California","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123064"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mayachitra, Inc., Santa Barbara, California","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123064"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042091237","display_name":"Lakshmanan Nataraj","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4510-7237"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123064","display_name":"Mayachitra (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/02pvba079","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210123064"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lakshmanan Nataraj","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mayachitra, Inc.,Santa Barbara,California","Mayachitra, Inc., Santa Barbara, California"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mayachitra, Inc.,Santa Barbara,California","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123064"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mayachitra, Inc., Santa Barbara, California","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123064"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083638854","display_name":"Satish Chikkagoudar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4547-3480"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1288214837","display_name":"United States Naval Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/04d23a975","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1288214837","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I175003984","https://openalex.org/I3130687028"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Satish Chikkagoudar","raw_affiliation_strings":["U.S. Naval Research Laboratory,Washington D.C","U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington D.C"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"U.S. Naval Research Laboratory,Washington D.C","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1288214837"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington D.C","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1288214837"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009022144","display_name":"Shivkumar Chandrasekaran","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2508-5605"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154570441","display_name":"University of California, Santa Barbara","ror":"https://ror.org/02t274463","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123064","display_name":"Mayachitra (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/02pvba079","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210123064"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shivkumar Chandrasekaran","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mayachitra Inc, UC Santa Barbara,ECE Department,Santa Barbara,California","ECE Department, Mayachitra Inc, UC Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mayachitra Inc, UC Santa Barbara,ECE Department,Santa Barbara,California","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123064","https://openalex.org/I154570441"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ECE Department, Mayachitra Inc, UC Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123064","https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071938464","display_name":"B.S. Manjunath","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2804-3611"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154570441","display_name":"University of California, Santa Barbara","ror":"https://ror.org/02t274463","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123064","display_name":"Mayachitra (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/02pvba079","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210123064"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"B.S. Manjunath","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mayachitra Inc, UC Santa Barbara,ECE Department,Santa Barbara,California","ECE Department, Mayachitra Inc, UC Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mayachitra Inc, UC Santa Barbara,ECE Department,Santa Barbara,California","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123064","https://openalex.org/I154570441"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ECE Department, Mayachitra Inc, UC Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123064","https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.19982963,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"279","last_page":"284"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10799","display_name":"Data Visualization and Analytics","score":0.9952999949455261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10799","display_name":"Data Visualization and Analytics","score":0.9952999949455261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9668999910354614,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9613999724388123,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malware","display_name":"Malware","score":0.8660076856613159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8377419710159302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visualization","display_name":"Visualization","score":0.7142912149429321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-number","display_name":"Binary number","score":0.5269763469696045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malware-analysis","display_name":"Malware analysis","score":0.520525336265564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grid","display_name":"Grid","score":0.5154255628585815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-visualization","display_name":"Data visualization","score":0.4942035973072052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.4672743082046509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/projection","display_name":"Projection (relational algebra)","score":0.45625361800193787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4347786009311676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptovirology","display_name":"Cryptovirology","score":0.4284951686859131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/similarity","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","score":0.42602401971817017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point","display_name":"Point (geometry)","score":0.42582324147224426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4146685004234314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.33648988604545593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3309476375579834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.17953521013259888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.13630607724189758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.11460208892822266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.08734524250030518}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C541664917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14001","display_name":"Malware","level":2,"score":0.8660076856613159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8377419710159302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.7142912149429321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.5269763469696045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779395397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15731404","display_name":"Malware analysis","level":3,"score":0.520525336265564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.5154255628585815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172367668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6504956","display_name":"Data visualization","level":3,"score":0.4942035973072052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.4672743082046509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57493831","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3134666","display_name":"Projection (relational algebra)","level":2,"score":0.45625361800193787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4347786009311676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84525096","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3506050","display_name":"Cryptovirology","level":3,"score":0.4284951686859131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103278499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254465","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","level":3,"score":0.42602401971817017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.42582324147224426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4146685004234314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.33648988604545593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3309476375579834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.17953521013259888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.13630607724189758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.11460208892822266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.08734524250030518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/milcom55135.2022.10017531","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/milcom55135.2022.10017531","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608114","display_name":"MILCOM 2022 - 2022 IEEE Military Communications Conference (MILCOM)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"MILCOM 2022 - 2022 IEEE Military Communications Conference (MILCOM)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1846067893","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"N68335-17-C-0048","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","funder_display_name":"Office of Naval Research"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","display_name":"Office of Naval Research","ror":"https://ror.org/00rk2pe57"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1566135517","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1876478908","https://openalex.org/W1967160434","https://openalex.org/W2010065958","https://openalex.org/W2013937193","https://openalex.org/W2029653641","https://openalex.org/W2044660163","https://openalex.org/W2055821558","https://openalex.org/W2089468765","https://openalex.org/W2089497633","https://openalex.org/W2130971075","https://openalex.org/W2145607950","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2187089797","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2216444195","https://openalex.org/W2296240038","https://openalex.org/W2531409750","https://openalex.org/W2538108907","https://openalex.org/W2545965848","https://openalex.org/W2754462941","https://openalex.org/W2786672974","https://openalex.org/W2964242288","https://openalex.org/W3008497156","https://openalex.org/W3127455599","https://openalex.org/W4226033155","https://openalex.org/W4226427413","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6688716199","https://openalex.org/W6748816842"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2469507153","https://openalex.org/W2008790809","https://openalex.org/W2768892939","https://openalex.org/W2160963033","https://openalex.org/W3022706011","https://openalex.org/W2909615516","https://openalex.org/W2249256574","https://openalex.org/W2397240470","https://openalex.org/W3128265165","https://openalex.org/W4210907385"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"number":[1,20],"of":[2,15,37,89,100,104,125,141,152],"malware":[3,12,38,53,66,121,145],"is":[4,21,84,147],"constantly":[5],"on":[6,95,143],"the":[7,92,126,139,144,150,153],"rise.":[8],"Though":[9],"most":[10],"new":[11],"are":[13],"modifications":[14],"existing":[16],"ones,":[17],"their":[18],"sheer":[19],"quite":[22],"overwhelming.":[23],"In":[24],"this":[25],"paper,":[26],"we":[27],"present":[28],"a":[29,42,85,96,112,135],"novel":[30],"system":[31],"to":[32,39,59,63],"visualize":[33],"and":[34,68,117],"map":[35],"millions":[36],"points":[40],"in":[41,123],"2-dimensional":[43],"(2D)":[44],"spatial":[45,86,108],"grid.":[46],"This":[47],"enables":[48],"visualizing":[49],"relationships":[50],"within":[51,77],"large":[52],"datasets":[54],"that":[55],"can":[56],"be":[57],"used":[58],"develop":[60],"triage":[61],"solutions":[62],"screen":[64],"different":[65],"rapidly":[67],"provide":[69,134],"situational":[70],"awareness.":[71],"Our":[72,81,106],"approach":[73],"links":[74],"two":[75],"visualizations":[76],"an":[78],"interactive":[79],"display.":[80],"first":[82],"view":[83,110],"point-based":[87],"visualization":[88],"similarity":[90],"among":[91],"samples":[93,122],"based":[94],"reduced":[97],"dimensional":[98],"projection":[99],"binary":[101],"feature":[102],"representations":[103,129],"malware.":[105],"second":[107],"grid-based":[109],"provides":[111],"better":[113],"insight":[114],"into":[115],"similarities":[116],"differences":[118],"between":[119],"selected":[120],"terms":[124],"binary-based":[127],"visual":[128],"they":[130],"share.":[131],"We":[132],"also":[133],"case":[136],"study":[137],"where":[138],"effect":[140],"packing":[142,154],"data":[146],"correlated":[148],"with":[149],"complexity":[151],"algorithm.":[155]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}