{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2907931082","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/milcom.2018.8599861","title":"Hierarchical Modulation Classification Using Deep Learning","display_name":"Hierarchical Modulation Classification Using Deep Learning","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2907931082","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/milcom.2018.8599861","mag":"2907931082"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/milcom.2018.8599861","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/milcom.2018.8599861","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"MILCOM 2018 - 2018 IEEE Military Communications Conference (MILCOM)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002596765","display_name":"Garrett Vanhoy","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138006243","display_name":"University of Arizona","ror":"https://ror.org/03m2x1q45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Garrett Vanhoy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Arizona"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Arizona","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027220305","display_name":"Noah Thurston","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138006243","display_name":"University of Arizona","ror":"https://ror.org/03m2x1q45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Noah Thurston","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Arizona"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Arizona","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109311588","display_name":"Andrew J. Burger","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138006243","display_name":"University of Arizona","ror":"https://ror.org/03m2x1q45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew Burger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Arizona"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Arizona","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010030312","display_name":"Jacob Breckenridge","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138006243","display_name":"University of Arizona","ror":"https://ror.org/03m2x1q45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jacob Breckenridge","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Arizona"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Arizona","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045154295","display_name":"Tamal Bose","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7743-0832"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138006243","display_name":"University of Arizona","ror":"https://ror.org/03m2x1q45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tamal Bose","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Arizona"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Arizona","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"20","last_page":"25"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12946","display_name":"Fractal and DNA sequence analysis","score":0.9815999865531921,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12254","display_name":"Machine Learning in Bioinformatics","score":0.9192000031471252,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7874118685722351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7241417765617371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6460645198822021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.6131435632705688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5714515447616577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.568833589553833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flexibility","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","score":0.5391445755958557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modulation","display_name":"Modulation (music)","score":0.5333162546157837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.5047789812088013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.47363629937171936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.472089022397995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hierarchy","display_name":"Hierarchy","score":0.45222219824790955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.4461042284965515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.434714138507843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.10912570357322693}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7874118685722351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7241417765617371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6460645198822021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.6131435632705688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5714515447616577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.568833589553833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5391445755958557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123079801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750240","display_name":"Modulation (music)","level":2,"score":0.5333162546157837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.5047789812088013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.47363629937171936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.472089022397995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31170391","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188619","display_name":"Hierarchy","level":2,"score":0.45222219824790955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.4461042284965515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.434714138507843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.10912570357322693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107038049","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35986","display_name":"Aesthetics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34447519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179522","display_name":"Market economy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/milcom.2018.8599861","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/milcom.2018.8599861","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"MILCOM 2018 - 2018 IEEE Military Communications Conference (MILCOM)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334222","display_name":"Broadband Wireless Access and Applications Center","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2170778725","https://openalex.org/W2529248927","https://openalex.org/W2560622165","https://openalex.org/W2562146178","https://openalex.org/W2603396821","https://openalex.org/W2612824601","https://openalex.org/W2616108305","https://openalex.org/W2773170971","https://openalex.org/W2795250928","https://openalex.org/W2797298153","https://openalex.org/W2963932148","https://openalex.org/W4295159131","https://openalex.org/W6737771951"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4312417841","https://openalex.org/W2738221750","https://openalex.org/W4311257506","https://openalex.org/W2732542196","https://openalex.org/W564581980","https://openalex.org/W2337926734","https://openalex.org/W4366224123","https://openalex.org/W2963958939","https://openalex.org/W4320802194","https://openalex.org/W3173182854"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recent":[0],"work":[1,137],"in":[2,12,44,100,135],"modulation":[3,216],"classification":[4,45,178,217,220],"using":[5],"deep":[6,34,64,92],"learning":[7,35,65,93],"has":[8],"produced":[9],"promising":[10],"results":[11],"classifying":[13],"a":[14,47,67,149,181,200,205],"diverse":[15,234],"set":[16,48,79,116,235],"of":[17,49,89,117,145,151,199,202,208,215,226,236],"signals":[18,118,153,170],"with":[19,132,176],"only":[20,96],"128":[21],"IQ":[22],"samples":[23],"having":[24],"undergone":[25],"common":[26],"radio":[27],"impairments":[28],"and":[29,54,60,103,126,180,222],"frequency":[30],"selective":[31],"fading.":[32],"Using":[33],"as":[36],"an":[37,114,231],"approach":[38],"differs":[39],"significantly":[40],"from":[41],"established":[42],"methods":[43],"where":[46],"expert":[50],"features":[51,72],"are":[52,74,130,210],"derived":[53],"justified":[55],"for":[56,77],"specific":[57],"channel":[58,81],"conditions":[59],"computational":[61],"resources.":[62],"Instead,":[63],"provides":[66],"way":[68],"to":[69,138,154,168,195,212,218],"efficiently":[70],"identify":[71,196],"that":[73,86,119,228],"best":[75],"suited":[76],"any":[78],"modulations,":[80],"conditions,":[82],"or":[83],"available":[84],"resources":[85],"may":[87],"be":[88,162],"interest.":[90],"However,":[91],"approaches":[94,160],"have":[95,192],"recently":[97],"been":[98,193],"used":[99,131,194],"this":[101,112,146],"area":[102],"many":[104],"questions":[105],"about":[106],"its":[107],"limitations":[108],"still":[109],"exist.":[110],"In":[111],"work,":[113],"expanded":[115],"include":[120],"radar":[121],"signals,":[122,125],"multi":[123],"-carrier":[124],"higher":[127],"order":[128],"modulations":[129],"architectures":[133],"presented":[134],"previous":[136,159],"gain":[139],"further":[140],"insight":[141],"into":[142],"the":[143,166,197,213,224],"flexibility":[144],"approach.":[147],"With":[148],"total":[150],"29":[152],"classify,":[155],"it's":[156],"shown":[157],"how":[158],"can":[161,229],"augmented":[163],"by":[164],"training":[165],"network":[167,184],"classify":[169,230],"on":[171],"several":[172],"hierarchical":[173],"levels":[174],"simultaneously":[175],"improved":[177],"accuracy":[179,221],"more":[182,233],"flexible":[183],"architecture.":[185],"Branch":[186],"convolutional":[187],"neural":[188],"networks":[189,227],"(B-CNN),":[190],"which":[191],"subject":[198],"body":[201],"text":[203],"within":[204],"large":[206],"hierarchy":[207],"subjects,":[209],"adapted":[211],"problem":[214],"improve":[219],"facilitate":[223],"development":[225],"even":[232],"signals.":[237]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}