{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2774600468","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/milcom.2017.8170812","title":"Quantifying information leakage in a processor caused by the execution of instructions","display_name":"Quantifying information leakage in a processor caused by the execution of instructions","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2774600468","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/milcom.2017.8170812","mag":"2774600468"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/milcom.2017.8170812","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/milcom.2017.8170812","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"MILCOM 2017 - 2017 IEEE Military Communications Conference (MILCOM)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089665637","display_name":"Baki Berkay Yilmaz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6796-5112"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Baki Berkay Yilmaz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108538849","display_name":"Robert Callan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert Callan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007992397","display_name":"Milos Prvulovi\u0107","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5955-277X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Milos Prvulovic","raw_affiliation_strings":["Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018695384","display_name":"Alenka Zaji\u0107","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1158-3785"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alenka Zajic","raw_affiliation_strings":["Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5089665637"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.6616,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88511096,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"255","last_page":"260"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covert-channel","display_name":"Covert channel","score":0.8537725806236267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/side-channel-attack","display_name":"Side channel attack","score":0.7842047810554504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7549830675125122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-leakage","display_name":"Information leakage","score":0.6979920268058777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covert","display_name":"Covert","score":0.6573027968406677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel-capacity","display_name":"Channel capacity","score":0.576147735118866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.5737444162368774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leakage","display_name":"Leakage (economics)","score":0.5349489450454712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.44597485661506653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.43697044253349304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.41067665815353394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.3264960050582886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.25745195150375366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.23543784022331238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.14050790667533875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.11390963196754456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.08706459403038025}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29024540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1476964","display_name":"Covert channel","level":5,"score":0.8537725806236267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49289754","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2267081","display_name":"Side channel attack","level":3,"score":0.7842047810554504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7549830675125122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779201187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2775060","display_name":"Information leakage","level":2,"score":0.6979920268058777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779338814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5179285","display_name":"Covert","level":2,"score":0.6573027968406677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97744766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q870845","display_name":"Channel capacity","level":3,"score":0.576147735118866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.5737444162368774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777042071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6509304","display_name":"Leakage (economics)","level":2,"score":0.5349489450454712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.44597485661506653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.43697044253349304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.41067665815353394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.3264960050582886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.25745195150375366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.23543784022331238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.14050790667533875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.11390963196754456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.08706459403038025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103377522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3493999","display_name":"Security information and event management","level":4,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184842701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370563","display_name":"Cloud computing security","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/milcom.2017.8170812","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/milcom.2017.8170812","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"MILCOM 2017 - 2017 IEEE Military Communications Conference (MILCOM)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1230022372","https://openalex.org/W1511843316","https://openalex.org/W1519539754","https://openalex.org/W1537704588","https://openalex.org/W1548656471","https://openalex.org/W1558247033","https://openalex.org/W1560720671","https://openalex.org/W1766888123","https://openalex.org/W1995875735","https://openalex.org/W2017472771","https://openalex.org/W2039319436","https://openalex.org/W2041404167","https://openalex.org/W2073850316","https://openalex.org/W2074437394","https://openalex.org/W2079814843","https://openalex.org/W2098407174","https://openalex.org/W2099137371","https://openalex.org/W2117290716","https://openalex.org/W2117552728","https://openalex.org/W2123052937","https://openalex.org/W2125378579","https://openalex.org/W2128255161","https://openalex.org/W2135714149","https://openalex.org/W2154174517","https://openalex.org/W2156710265","https://openalex.org/W2166293920","https://openalex.org/W2172060328","https://openalex.org/W2183849663","https://openalex.org/W2295831925","https://openalex.org/W2330270191","https://openalex.org/W2594820248","https://openalex.org/W2951040622","https://openalex.org/W2978725006","https://openalex.org/W3121420921","https://openalex.org/W6627969867","https://openalex.org/W6630620868","https://openalex.org/W6632355284","https://openalex.org/W6678591436","https://openalex.org/W6763627299"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2409612194","https://openalex.org/W4224042389","https://openalex.org/W174282171","https://openalex.org/W20460883","https://openalex.org/W1587013156","https://openalex.org/W2092798601","https://openalex.org/W2022533428","https://openalex.org/W2580249689","https://openalex.org/W2103519941","https://openalex.org/W2969678054"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Covert/side":[0],"channel":[1,49,123],"attacks":[2],"based":[3],"on":[4],"electromagnetic":[5,47,63],"(EM)":[6],"emanations":[7],"are":[8,14],"difficult":[9],"to":[10,43,88,109,117,125],"detect":[11],"because":[12],"they":[13],"practiced":[15],"wirelessly.":[16],"Hence,":[17],"quantifying":[18],"information":[19],"leakage":[20],"is":[21],"crucial":[22],"when":[23],"designing":[24],"secure":[25],"hardware":[26],"and":[27,50,70,105],"software.":[28],"To":[29],"address":[30],"this":[31,33,86],"problem,":[32],"paper":[34],"establishes":[35],"a":[36,59,103],"connection":[37],"between":[38,62],"the":[39,53,90,119],"signal":[40,73],"energy":[41,65],"available":[42],"an":[44],"attacker":[45],"in":[46],"side/covert":[48],"capacity":[51],"of":[52,67,121],"covert/side":[54,122],"channel.":[55],"We":[56],"first":[57],"present":[58],"mathematical":[60],"relationship":[61],"side-channel":[64,72],"(ESE)":[66],"individual":[68],"instructions":[69,78],"measured":[71],"power,":[74],"assuming":[75],"that":[76],"all":[77],"have":[79],"equal":[80],"execution":[81],"time.":[82],"Then,":[83],"we":[84,98,113],"use":[85],"measure":[87],"calculate":[89],"transition":[91],"probabilities":[92],"needed":[93],"for":[94],"estimating":[95],"capacity.":[96,111],"Furthermore,":[97],"consider":[99],"each":[100],"instruction":[101],"as":[102],"codeword":[104],"relate":[106],"our":[107],"model":[108],"Shannon's":[110],"Finally,":[112],"provide":[114],"practical":[115],"examples":[116],"demonstrate":[118],"severity":[120],"due":[124],"EM":[126],"emanations.":[127]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-25T13:04:00.132906","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}