{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1964624959","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/milcom.2012.6415851","title":"Determining RF angle of arrival using COTS antenna arrays: A field evaluation","display_name":"Determining RF angle of arrival using COTS antenna arrays: A field evaluation","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1964624959","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/milcom.2012.6415851","mag":"1964624959"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/milcom.2012.6415851","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/milcom.2012.6415851","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"MILCOM 2012 - 2012 IEEE Military Communications Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064652933","display_name":"Hsieh-Chung Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hsieh-Chung Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, USA","School of Engineering & Applied Sciences Harvard University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering & Applied Sciences Harvard University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101781727","display_name":"Tsung-Han Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0149-7621"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tsung-Han Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, USA","School of Engineering & Applied Sciences Harvard University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering & Applied Sciences Harvard University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066867900","display_name":"H. T. Kung","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3348-3788"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"H. T. Kung","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, USA","School of Engineering & Applied Sciences Harvard University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering & Applied Sciences Harvard University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007245869","display_name":"Chit-Kwan Lin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chit-Kwan Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, USA","School of Engineering & Applied Sciences Harvard University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering & Applied Sciences Harvard University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012323997","display_name":"Youngjune Gwon","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Youngjune Gwon","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, USA","School of Engineering & Applied Sciences Harvard University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering & Applied Sciences Harvard University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.983,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":48,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97883058,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11312","display_name":"Soil Moisture and Remote Sensing","score":0.9912999868392944,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9904000163078308,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.6571128368377686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6466759443283081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flexibility","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","score":0.5850481390953064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmitter","display_name":"Transmitter","score":0.562503457069397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/angle-of-arrival","display_name":"Angle of arrival","score":0.5566737651824951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antenna","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","score":0.5327506065368652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synchronization","display_name":"Synchronization (alternating current)","score":0.4923909902572632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.4570979177951813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phased-array","display_name":"Phased array","score":0.44407525658607483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-defined-radio","display_name":"Software-defined radio","score":0.4427644908428192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.4409655034542084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radio-frequency","display_name":"Radio frequency","score":0.41599246859550476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.3843376934528351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.33715665340423584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.22895944118499756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.1911502182483673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.07678419351577759}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.6571128368377686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6466759443283081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5850481390953064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47798520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190157","display_name":"Transmitter","level":3,"score":0.562503457069397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13545353","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4763363","display_name":"Angle of arrival","level":3,"score":0.5566737651824951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21822782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","level":2,"score":0.5327506065368652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778562939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1298791","display_name":"Synchronization (alternating current)","level":3,"score":0.4923909902572632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.4570979177951813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55494473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727898","display_name":"Phased array","level":3,"score":0.44407525658607483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171115542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1331892","display_name":"Software-defined radio","level":2,"score":0.4427644908428192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.4409655034542084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74064498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3396184","display_name":"Radio frequency","level":2,"score":0.41599246859550476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.3843376934528351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.33715665340423584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.22895944118499756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.1911502182483673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.07678419351577759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/milcom.2012.6415851","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/milcom.2012.6415851","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"MILCOM 2012 - 2012 IEEE Military Communications Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.258.5395","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.258.5395","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.eecs.harvard.edu/%7Ecklin/papers/2012-milcom-aoa.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.700.7135","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.700.7135","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.eecs.harvard.edu/%7Egyj/pubs/milcom2012.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6399999856948853,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1485071356","https://openalex.org/W1527452008","https://openalex.org/W1989651117","https://openalex.org/W2058271228","https://openalex.org/W2075105612","https://openalex.org/W2095972306","https://openalex.org/W2096735547","https://openalex.org/W2104022413","https://openalex.org/W2108925226","https://openalex.org/W2113638573","https://openalex.org/W2116971912","https://openalex.org/W2130420190","https://openalex.org/W2145417574","https://openalex.org/W2146281661","https://openalex.org/W2157629714","https://openalex.org/W2165158100","https://openalex.org/W4250657479","https://openalex.org/W6629133481"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2355663289","https://openalex.org/W2982399888","https://openalex.org/W2106913410","https://openalex.org/W4380372336","https://openalex.org/W2328456318","https://openalex.org/W4386211564","https://openalex.org/W2117461777","https://openalex.org/W2393227873","https://openalex.org/W4299564445","https://openalex.org/W4206214288"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,65,104,120],"are":[1,43],"interested":[2],"in":[3,40,58,108],"estimating":[4],"the":[5,25,49,71,147,155],"angle":[6],"of":[7,9,27,33,51,73,86,137,144],"arrival":[8,87],"an":[10,109],"RF":[11,127],"signal":[12],"by":[13,80],"using":[14,81],"commercial-off-the-shelf":[15],"(COTS)":[16],"software-defined":[17],"radios":[18],"(SDRs).":[19],"The":[20],"proposed":[21],"COTS-based":[22,124],"approach":[23,96,125],"has":[24],"advantages":[26],"flexibility,":[28],"low":[29],"cost":[30],"and":[31,99,114,134,140,150],"ease":[32],"deployment,":[34],"but-unlike":[35],"traditional":[36],"phased":[37],"antenna":[38],"arrays":[39],"which":[41],"elements":[42],"already":[44],"phase-aligned":[45],"-":[46],"we":[47],"face":[48],"challenge":[50],"aligning":[52],"individual":[53],"SDRs":[54],"during":[55],"field":[56,113],"deployment":[57,136],"order":[59],"to":[60,69,126,132,146],"ensure":[61],"coherent":[62],"phase":[63,75,84],"detection.":[64],"propose":[66],"a":[67,82,91,123],"strategy":[68],"relax":[70],"requirement":[72],"tight":[74],"synchronization":[76],"between":[77],"distributed":[78],"oscillators":[79],"novel":[83],"difference":[85],"mechanism":[88],"based":[89],"on":[90],"field-deployable":[92],"reference":[93],"transmitter.":[94],"This":[95],"enables":[97],"flexible":[98],"inexpensive":[100],"COTS":[101],"phased-array":[102],"designs.":[103],"evaluate":[105],"our":[106],"method":[107],"outdoor,":[110],"20m\u00d720m":[111],"open":[112],"observe":[115],"localization":[116,129],"errors":[117],"below":[118],"3m.":[119],"conclude":[121],"that":[122],"source":[128],"is":[130],"amenable":[131],"rapid":[133],"low-cost":[135],"sensing":[138],"infrastructure":[139],"could":[141],"potentially":[142],"be":[143],"interest":[145],"Intelligence,":[148],"Surveillance":[149],"Reconnaissance":[151],"(ISR)":[152],"community":[153],"at":[154],"tactical":[156],"edge.":[157]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-08-26T07:47:46.906454","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}