{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2084732656","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/milcom.2012.6415832","title":"Modulation detection of underwater acoustic communication signals through cyclostationary analysis","display_name":"Modulation detection of underwater acoustic communication signals through cyclostationary analysis","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2084732656","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/milcom.2012.6415832","mag":"2084732656"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/milcom.2012.6415832","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/milcom.2012.6415832","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"MILCOM 2012 - 2012 IEEE Military Communications Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031071245","display_name":"Zhiqiang Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9055-5680"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19648265","display_name":"Wright State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04qk6pt94","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19648265"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiqiang Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Wright State University, USA","Dept of Electrical Engineering, Wright State University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Wright State University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19648265"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept of Electrical Engineering, Wright State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19648265"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101877647","display_name":"T. C. Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9621-7276"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142974352","display_name":"National Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mjawt10","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142974352"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"T. C. Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Applied Marine Physics and Undersea Technology, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Taiwan","Inst. of Applied Marine Physics and Undersea Tech., Nat. Sun Yet-Sen Univ"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Applied Marine Physics and Undersea Technology, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142974352"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Inst. of Applied Marine Physics and Undersea Tech., Nat. Sun Yet-Sen Univ","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142974352"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100415123","display_name":"Zhiqiang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2982-8381"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1288214837","display_name":"United States Naval Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/04d23a975","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1288214837","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I175003984","https://openalex.org/I3130687028"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiqiang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Acoustic Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Inc., USA","Acoustic Division, Naval Research Laboratory"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Acoustic Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Inc., USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1288214837"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Acoustic Division, Naval Research Laboratory","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1288214837"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087611012","display_name":"Vasu Chakarvarthy","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1280414376","display_name":"United States Air Force Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2egq70","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1280414376","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I4210102105","https://openalex.org/I4389425425"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090800","display_name":"Sensors (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00b4mz884","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210090800"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vasu Chakarvarthy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Air Force Research Laboratory, USA","Sensors Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Air Force Research Laboratory, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1280414376"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sensors Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1280414376","https://openalex.org/I4210090800"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.5607,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":25,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83810868,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11447","display_name":"Blind Source Separation Techniques","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cyclostationary-process","display_name":"Cyclostationary process","score":0.9604121446609497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modulation","display_name":"Modulation (music)","score":0.6012197732925415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frequency-modulation","display_name":"Frequency modulation","score":0.5656830072402954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.564415693283081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/underwater-acoustic-communication","display_name":"Underwater acoustic communication","score":0.5504598617553711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase-shift-keying","display_name":"Phase-shift keying","score":0.5436288118362427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/underwater","display_name":"Underwater","score":0.45493894815444946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.4462859034538269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radio-frequency","display_name":"Radio frequency","score":0.31150439381599426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.3004903197288513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.29018545150756836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.25842106342315674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bit-error-rate","display_name":"Bit error rate","score":0.20977020263671875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.1604456603527069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decoding-methods","display_name":"Decoding methods","score":0.1122329831123352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.06483140587806702}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178351263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3922399","display_name":"Cyclostationary process","level":3,"score":0.9604121446609497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123079801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750240","display_name":"Modulation (music)","level":2,"score":0.6012197732925415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11930861","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181417","display_name":"Frequency modulation","level":3,"score":0.5656830072402954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.564415693283081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169111936","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q424098","display_name":"Underwater acoustic communication","level":3,"score":0.5504598617553711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186378180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4874866","display_name":"Phase-shift keying","level":4,"score":0.5436288118362427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98083399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3246517","display_name":"Underwater","level":2,"score":0.45493894815444946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.4462859034538269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74064498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3396184","display_name":"Radio frequency","level":2,"score":0.31150439381599426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.3004903197288513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.29018545150756836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.25842106342315674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56296756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840922","display_name":"Bit error rate","level":3,"score":0.20977020263671875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.1604456603527069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.1122329831123352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.06483140587806702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/milcom.2012.6415832","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/milcom.2012.6415832","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"MILCOM 2012 - 2012 IEEE Military Communications Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","score":0.8100000023841858,"display_name":"Life below water"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","display_name":"Office of Naval Research","ror":"https://ror.org/00rk2pe57"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338294","display_name":"Air Force Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2egq70"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W568232992","https://openalex.org/W1980046435","https://openalex.org/W2026316491","https://openalex.org/W2044598580","https://openalex.org/W2045614111","https://openalex.org/W2066334141","https://openalex.org/W2070887819","https://openalex.org/W2072987322","https://openalex.org/W2106186328","https://openalex.org/W2115665137","https://openalex.org/W2129568743","https://openalex.org/W2141206874","https://openalex.org/W2151946103","https://openalex.org/W2153652429","https://openalex.org/W2155324229","https://openalex.org/W2156113794","https://openalex.org/W2157571493","https://openalex.org/W2164233625"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W943561131","https://openalex.org/W1490820195","https://openalex.org/W2360821999","https://openalex.org/W2364216765","https://openalex.org/W2533983735","https://openalex.org/W2002970502","https://openalex.org/W2363371188","https://openalex.org/W2358225852","https://openalex.org/W4200068993","https://openalex.org/W2180910554"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Modulation":[0],"detection":[1,91],"is":[2,32],"important":[3],"to":[4,17,22,35,39,44,50,94,159,170,191],"many":[5],"military":[6],"communication":[7,42,87,110],"and":[8,24,97,101,174,180],"electronic":[9],"warfare":[10],"applications.":[11],"Cyclostationary":[12],"analysis":[13,38,83,124],"has":[14],"been":[15],"proven":[16],"be":[18,171],"an":[19],"effective":[20],"means":[21],"detect":[23],"identify":[25,160],"modulation":[26,46,90,162,179],"types":[27],"of":[28,62,70,81,107,144,164,195],"RF":[29,72],"signals.":[30,166],"It":[31],"highly":[33],"desired":[34],"apply":[36],"cyclostationary":[37,60,105,123],"underwater":[40,56,85,108],"acoustic":[41,57,86,109],"signals":[43,64,88,111],"conduct":[45],"detection.":[47],"However,":[48],"due":[49],"the":[51,59,79,95,104,140,153,161,165,193,196],"complex":[52],"environment":[53],"encountered":[54],"by":[55],"communication,":[58],"features":[61,106],"such":[63],"are":[65,189],"significantly":[66],"different":[67],"from":[68],"those":[69],"their":[71],"counterparts.":[73],"In":[74],"this":[75],"paper,":[76],"we":[77,126],"analyze":[78],"applicability":[80],"cyclotationay":[82],"in":[84,139,176],"for":[89],"purpose.":[92],"Due":[93],"severe":[96],"varying":[98],"Doppler":[99],"shift":[100],"phase":[102],"noise,":[103],"require":[112],"very":[113],"high":[114],"resolution.":[115],"Employing":[116],"previously":[117],"developed":[118],"low-complexity":[119],"short-term":[120],"dynamic":[121],"resolution":[122,138],"algorithm,":[125],"first":[127],"obtain":[128],"a":[129,149],"meaningful":[130],"spectrum":[131],"correlation":[132],"function":[133],"(SCF)":[134],"feature":[135,168],"with":[136],"sufficient":[137],"cyclic":[141,154],"frequency":[142],"range":[143],"interest.":[145],"We":[146],"then":[147],"extract":[148],"simple":[150],"parameter,":[151],"namely":[152],"frequency/frequency":[155],"peak":[156],"ratio":[157],"(CFFPR),":[158],"schemes":[163],"This":[167],"proves":[169],"statistically":[172],"significant":[173],"stable":[175],"distinguishing":[177],"BPSK":[178],"QPSK":[181],"modulation.":[182],"Real":[183],"experimental":[184],"data":[185],"collected":[186],"at":[187],"sea":[188],"used":[190],"validate":[192],"effectiveness":[194],"proposed":[197],"algorithm.":[198]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-11T07:18:39.950985","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}