{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4235543475","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/micro.2016.7783738","title":"CANDY: Enabling coherent DRAM caches for multi-node systems","display_name":"CANDY: Enabling coherent DRAM caches for multi-node systems","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4235543475","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/micro.2016.7783738"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/micro.2016.7783738","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/micro.2016.7783738","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2016 49th Annual IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture (MICRO)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088463916","display_name":"Chiachen Chou","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chiachen Chou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078825915","display_name":"Aamer Jaleel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5709-2992"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aamer Jaleel","raw_affiliation_strings":["NVIDIA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NVIDIA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082772077","display_name":"Moinuddin K. Qureshi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1314-9096"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Moinuddin K. Qureshi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.1205,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.76467125,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"13"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11181","display_name":"Advanced Data Storage Technologies","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10829","display_name":"Interconnection Networks and Systems","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8661873936653137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cache","display_name":"Cache","score":0.7851606011390686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cache-invalidation","display_name":"Cache invalidation","score":0.7517118453979492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mesi-protocol","display_name":"MESI protocol","score":0.7072789669036865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cache-coherence","display_name":"Cache coherence","score":0.6794466972351074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bus-sniffing","display_name":"Bus sniffing","score":0.6745598316192627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cache-pollution","display_name":"Cache pollution","score":0.6158931255340576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cache-algorithms","display_name":"Cache algorithms","score":0.5783593654632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dram","display_name":"Dram","score":0.554961621761322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/page-cache","display_name":"Page cache","score":0.5078755021095276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cache-coloring","display_name":"Cache coloring","score":0.4376770257949829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.4303463101387024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.4080265760421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.40323612093925476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cpu-cache","display_name":"CPU cache","score":0.37325429916381836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.24547183513641357}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8661873936653137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115537543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165596","display_name":"Cache","level":2,"score":0.7851606011390686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25536678","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5015977","display_name":"Cache invalidation","level":5,"score":0.7517118453979492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1408065","display_name":"MESI protocol","level":5,"score":0.7072789669036865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141917322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1025017","display_name":"Cache coherence","level":5,"score":0.6794466972351074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51185590","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1017228","display_name":"Bus sniffing","level":5,"score":0.6745598316192627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113166858","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5015981","display_name":"Cache pollution","level":5,"score":0.6158931255340576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38556500","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13404475","display_name":"Cache algorithms","level":4,"score":0.5783593654632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7366592","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1255620","display_name":"Dram","level":2,"score":0.554961621761322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36340418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7124288","display_name":"Page cache","level":5,"score":0.5078755021095276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201148951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5015976","display_name":"Cache coloring","level":4,"score":0.4376770257949829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4303463101387024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.4080265760421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.40323612093925476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189783530","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352090","display_name":"CPU cache","level":3,"score":0.37325429916381836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.24547183513641357}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/micro.2016.7783738","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/micro.2016.7783738","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2016 49th Annual IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture (MICRO)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309321","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332162","display_name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","ror":"https://ror.org/042twtr12"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":52,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1495581870","https://openalex.org/W1608572230","https://openalex.org/W1975698617","https://openalex.org/W1977349283","https://openalex.org/W1979978831","https://openalex.org/W1983545421","https://openalex.org/W1993254370","https://openalex.org/W1994717635","https://openalex.org/W1995287338","https://openalex.org/W1998837766","https://openalex.org/W2013626513","https://openalex.org/W2016521571","https://openalex.org/W2046996113","https://openalex.org/W2052040062","https://openalex.org/W2066768779","https://openalex.org/W2082982763","https://openalex.org/W2098314020","https://openalex.org/W2105223453","https://openalex.org/W2118068686","https://openalex.org/W2120829734","https://openalex.org/W2121288477","https://openalex.org/W2125449762","https://openalex.org/W2129023555","https://openalex.org/W2139397536","https://openalex.org/W2140001655","https://openalex.org/W2140643961","https://openalex.org/W2141454441","https://openalex.org/W2148797773","https://openalex.org/W2151032144","https://openalex.org/W2151460056","https://openalex.org/W2152933730","https://openalex.org/W2154001575","https://openalex.org/W2169865228","https://openalex.org/W2169875292","https://openalex.org/W2170293694","https://openalex.org/W2175048909","https://openalex.org/W2238800873","https://openalex.org/W2340076492","https://openalex.org/W3009192412","https://openalex.org/W3148484433","https://openalex.org/W4232664043","https://openalex.org/W4238182192","https://openalex.org/W4238549726","https://openalex.org/W4240426141","https://openalex.org/W4243577185","https://openalex.org/W4249203857","https://openalex.org/W4251259849","https://openalex.org/W4254511854","https://openalex.org/W6674080676","https://openalex.org/W6680569787","https://openalex.org/W6793277613","https://openalex.org/W6820009466"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4312759433","https://openalex.org/W2290179447","https://openalex.org/W1994369542","https://openalex.org/W273173017","https://openalex.org/W1521238853","https://openalex.org/W127037959","https://openalex.org/W2130688751","https://openalex.org/W2046654858","https://openalex.org/W2043512019","https://openalex.org/W1573461927"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1,188],"investigates":[2],"the":[3,14,22,28,35,40,47,56,65,68,89,98,104,107,149,165,176,180,207,220,244,256,309],"use":[4],"of":[5,58,159,198,283,291],"DRAM":[6,15,23,99,119,127,136,181,212,257,267],"caches":[7,38,128],"for":[8,39,126,201],"multi-node":[9],"systems.":[10],"Current":[11],"systems":[12],"architect":[13],"cache":[16,24,26,86,100,102,162,231,268,305],"as":[17,63,111,154,156,225],"Memory-Side":[18],"Cache":[19,137],"(MSC),":[20],"restricting":[21],"to":[25,88,96,101,129,164,175,178,213,230,254,307],"only":[27,34,46],"local":[29,48,105],"data,":[30,49],"and":[31,54,106,132,193,218,250,303],"relying":[32],"on":[33,83,261],"small":[36],"on-die":[37,85,222],"remote":[41,69,90,108],"data.":[42,91,109,312],"As":[43],"MSC":[44,77,275],"keeps":[45],"it":[50],"is":[51,95,133,288],"implicitly":[52],"coherent":[53],"obviates":[55],"need":[57,177],"any":[59],"coherence":[60,124,150,208,223],"support.":[61],"Unfortunately,":[62],"accessing":[64],"data":[66,112,168,247,253],"in":[67,117,144,169,210],"node":[70,270],"incurs":[71],"a":[72,191,226,262,280,297],"significant":[73],"inter-node":[74],"network":[75],"latency,":[76],"suffers":[78],"from":[79],"such":[80,252],"latency":[81,306],"overhead":[82,282],"every":[84],"miss":[87],"A":[92],"desirable":[93],"alternative":[94],"allow":[97],"both":[103,185],"However,":[110],"blocks":[113],"can":[114,152],"be":[115,153],"cached":[116],"multiple":[118],"caches,":[120],"this":[121,187],"design":[122],"requires":[123],"support":[125],"ensure":[130],"correctness,":[131],"termed":[134],"Coherent":[135],"(CDC).":[138],"We":[139],"identify":[140],"two":[141,199],"key":[142],"challenges":[143],"architecting":[145],"giga-scale":[146],"CDC.":[147],"First,":[148,204],"directory":[151,209,224,234,300],"large":[155],"few":[157],"tens":[158],"MB.":[160],"Second,":[161,236],"misses":[163],"read-write":[166,245,310],"shared":[167,246,311],"CDC":[170],"cause":[171],"longer":[172],"delay":[173],"due":[174],"access":[179,308],"cache.":[182,258],"To":[183],"address":[184],"problems,":[186],"proposes":[189],"CANDY,":[190],"low-cost":[192],"scalable":[194],"solution":[195],"that":[196,272,295],"consists":[197],"techniques":[200],"these":[202],"challenges.":[203],"CANDY":[205,273,287],"places":[206],"3D":[211],"avoid":[214],"SRAM":[215,299],"storage":[216],"overhead,":[217],"re-purposes":[219],"existing":[221],"DRAM-cache":[227],"Coherence":[228],"Buffer":[229],"recently":[232],"accessed":[233],"entries.":[235],"we":[237],"propose":[238],"Sharing-Aware":[239],"Bypass,":[240],"which":[241],"dynamically":[242],"detects":[243],"at":[248],"run-time":[249],"enforces":[251],"bypass":[255],"Our":[259],"experiment":[260],"4-node":[263],"system":[264,294],"with":[265],"1GB":[266],"per":[269,285,301],"shows":[271],"outperforms":[274],"by":[276],"25%,":[277],"while":[278],"incurring":[279],"negligible":[281],"8KB":[284],"node.":[286],"within":[289],"5%":[290],"an":[292],"impractical":[293],"has":[296],"64MB":[298],"node,":[302],"zero":[304]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}