{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4247624284","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/micro.2016.7783724","title":"NEUTRAMS: Neural network transformation and co-design under neuromorphic hardware constraints","display_name":"NEUTRAMS: Neural network transformation and co-design under neuromorphic hardware constraints","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4247624284","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/micro.2016.7783724"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/micro.2016.7783724","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/micro.2016.7783724","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2016 49th Annual IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture (MICRO)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101794146","display_name":"Yu Ji","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3741-5627"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yu Ji","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, PR. China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, PR. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016596981","display_name":"Youhui Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2333-3580"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"YouHui Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Brain-Inspired Computing Research, Tsinghua University, PR. China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Brain-Inspired Computing Research, Tsinghua University, PR. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021027241","display_name":"Shuangchen Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0021-6907"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154570441","display_name":"University of California, Santa Barbara","ror":"https://ror.org/02t274463","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"ShuangChen Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California at Santa Barbara, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California at Santa Barbara, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027346244","display_name":"Ping Chi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154570441","display_name":"University of California, Santa Barbara","ror":"https://ror.org/02t274463","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ping Chi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California at Santa Barbara, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California at Santa Barbara, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052597116","display_name":"Cihang Jiang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"CiHang Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua University, Beijing, Beijing, CN"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University, Beijing, Beijing, CN","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042878427","display_name":"Peng Qu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1786-5372"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peng Qu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua University, Beijing, Beijing, CN"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University, Beijing, Beijing, CN","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100385336","display_name":"Yuan Xie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2093-1788"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154570441","display_name":"University of California, Santa Barbara","ror":"https://ror.org/02t274463","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuan Xie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California at Santa Barbara, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California at Santa Barbara, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103141832","display_name":"Wenguang Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4281-1018"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"WenGuang Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Brain-Inspired Computing Research, Tsinghua University, PR. China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Brain-Inspired Computing Research, Tsinghua University, PR. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101794146"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.7778,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":76,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95473114,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"13"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12611","display_name":"Neural Networks and Reservoir Computing","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuromorphic-engineering","display_name":"Neuromorphic engineering","score":0.9361721873283386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7794647812843323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.6315237283706665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.6273759603500366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spiking-neural-network","display_name":"Spiking neural network","score":0.5861597061157227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.5370802879333496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perceptron","display_name":"Perceptron","score":0.5263159275054932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.4755553603172302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformation","display_name":"Transformation (genetics)","score":0.4569428861141205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.42765721678733826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.42495396733283997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.42302989959716797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.3744301199913025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.35582953691482544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.34152907133102417}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151927369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1981312","display_name":"Neuromorphic engineering","level":3,"score":0.9361721873283386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7794647812843323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.6315237283706665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.6273759603500366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11731999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9067355","display_name":"Spiking neural network","level":3,"score":0.5861597061157227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.5370802879333496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60908668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690207","display_name":"Perceptron","level":3,"score":0.5263159275054932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.4755553603172302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204241405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q461499","display_name":"Transformation (genetics)","level":3,"score":0.4569428861141205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.42765721678733826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.42495396733283997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.42302989959716797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.3744301199913025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.35582953691482544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.34152907133102417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/micro.2016.7783724","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/micro.2016.7783724","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2016 49th Annual IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture (MICRO)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":66,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1503343880","https://openalex.org/W1505822854","https://openalex.org/W1542981317","https://openalex.org/W1604973310","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1841592590","https://openalex.org/W1967491101","https://openalex.org/W1971390819","https://openalex.org/W1976075132","https://openalex.org/W1993792073","https://openalex.org/W2000967104","https://openalex.org/W2005487033","https://openalex.org/W2009464942","https://openalex.org/W2020676607","https://openalex.org/W2028541734","https://openalex.org/W2046500578","https://openalex.org/W2048266589","https://openalex.org/W2052055672","https://openalex.org/W2062258233","https://openalex.org/W2065261386","https://openalex.org/W2072357061","https://openalex.org/W2085351903","https://openalex.org/W2087058693","https://openalex.org/W2100884605","https://openalex.org/W2105102111","https://openalex.org/W2111932160","https://openalex.org/W2114508814","https://openalex.org/W2119823590","https://openalex.org/W2120557145","https://openalex.org/W2121341332","https://openalex.org/W2123151033","https://openalex.org/W2127411502","https://openalex.org/W2130360162","https://openalex.org/W2135465403","https://openalex.org/W2138913040","https://openalex.org/W2150843617","https://openalex.org/W2152839228","https://openalex.org/W2153041354","https://openalex.org/W2155377787","https://openalex.org/W2161357031","https://openalex.org/W2168779967","https://openalex.org/W2170382128","https://openalex.org/W2170968634","https://openalex.org/W2204664557","https://openalex.org/W2237922334","https://openalex.org/W2257198565","https://openalex.org/W2290475758","https://openalex.org/W2336890197","https://openalex.org/W2964200805","https://openalex.org/W3024621361","https://openalex.org/W4236503105","https://openalex.org/W4238869234","https://openalex.org/W4240331638","https://openalex.org/W4245731639","https://openalex.org/W4251054771","https://openalex.org/W4301319368","https://openalex.org/W6620733473","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6638783484","https://openalex.org/W6662587704","https://openalex.org/W6677192272","https://openalex.org/W6678281508","https://openalex.org/W6681041898","https://openalex.org/W6683918445","https://openalex.org/W6687785706","https://openalex.org/W6703252777"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4306160827","https://openalex.org/W3031505884","https://openalex.org/W4313484726","https://openalex.org/W2986579802","https://openalex.org/W3214713078","https://openalex.org/W3157535122","https://openalex.org/W4247624284","https://openalex.org/W3124814002","https://openalex.org/W2560912757","https://openalex.org/W4238082117"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0,184],"the":[1,8,19,93,102,113,126,147,185,193,198,215],"recent":[2],"reincarnations":[3],"of":[4,10,23,48,81,104,116,136,187,197,217,223],"neuromorphic":[5,24,82,219,239],"computing":[6,13],"comes":[7],"promise":[9],"a":[11,16,42,46,71,77,117,134,225,234,247],"new":[12],"paradigm,":[14],"with":[15,45,230],"focus":[17],"on":[18,107],"design":[20,216,250],"and":[21,64,66,84,122,140,164,175,179,203,206,244,246],"fabrication":[22],"chips.":[25],"A":[26],"key":[27,69],"challenge":[28],"in":[29],"design,":[30],"however,":[31],"is":[32,37,57],"that":[33,89],"programming":[34],"such":[35,154,224],"chips":[36,83],"difficult.":[38],"This":[39],"paper":[40],"proposes":[41],"systematic":[43],"methodology":[44],"set":[47,135],"tools":[49],"to":[50,145],"address":[51,101],"this":[52],"challenge.":[53],"The":[54,221],"proposed":[55],"toolset":[56,226],"called":[58],"NEUTRAMS":[59],"(Neural":[60],"network":[61,73,138,201],"Transformation,":[62],"Mapping":[63],"Simulation),":[65],"includes":[67],"three":[68],"components:":[70],"neural":[72,161,167,172,181],"(NN)":[74],"transformation":[75,127],"algorithm,":[76],"configurable":[78],"clock-driven":[79],"simulator":[80],"an":[85,130],"optimized":[86],"runtime":[87],"tool":[88],"maps":[90],"NNs":[91],"onto":[92],"target":[94],"hardware":[95,105,204],"for":[96,241,251],"better":[97],"resource":[98],"utilization.":[99],"To":[100],"challenges":[103],"constraints":[106,205],"implementing":[108],"NN":[109,132],"models":[110],"(such":[111],"as":[112],"maximum":[114],"fan-in/fan-out":[115],"single":[118],"neuron,":[119],"limited":[120],"precision,":[121],"various":[123],"neuron":[124],"models),":[125],"algorithm":[128],"divides":[129],"existing":[131],"into":[133,150],"simple":[137],"units":[139],"retrains":[141],"each":[142],"unit":[143],"iteratively,":[144],"transform":[146],"original":[148],"one":[149],"its":[151],"counterpart":[152],"under":[153],"constraints.":[155],"It":[156],"can":[157,213],"support":[158,214],"both":[159,242],"spiking":[160],"networks":[162,168,173,182],"(SNNs)":[163],"traditional":[165],"artificial":[166],"(ANNs),":[169],"including":[170],"convolutional":[171],"(CNNs)":[174],"multilayer":[176],"perceptrons":[177],"(MLPs)":[178],"recurrent":[180],"(RNNs).":[183],"combination":[186],"these":[188],"tools,":[189],"we":[190],"have":[191],"explored":[192],"hardware/software":[194],"co-design":[195],"space":[196],"correlation":[199],"between":[200],"error-rates":[202],"consumptions.":[207],"Doing":[208],"so":[209],"provides":[210],"insights":[211],"which":[212],"future":[218],"architectures.":[220],"usefulness":[222],"has":[227],"been":[228],"demonstrated":[229],"two":[231],"different":[232],"designs:":[233],"real":[235],"Complementary":[236],"Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor":[237],"(CMOS)":[238],"chip":[240],"SNNs":[243],"ANNs":[245],"processing-in-memory":[248],"architecture":[249],"ANNs.":[252]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
