{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4200519014","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mic.2021.3093105","title":"Toward Sustainable Serverless Computing","display_name":"Toward Sustainable Serverless Computing","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4200519014","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mic.2021.3093105"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mic.2021.3093105","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mic.2021.3093105","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S205899252","display_name":"IEEE Internet Computing","issn_l":"1089-7801","issn":["1089-7801","1941-0131"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11475/29619","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056585882","display_name":"Panos Patros","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52179390","display_name":"University of Waikato","ror":"https://ror.org/013fsnh78","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52179390"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Panos Patros","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Waikato, Hamilton, Aotearoa, New Zealand"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1366-9411","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Waikato, Hamilton, Aotearoa, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52179390"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064444090","display_name":"Josef Spillner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5312-5996"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I858936495","display_name":"ZHAW Zurich University of Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05pmsvm27","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I858936495"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Josef Spillner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Winterthur, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5312-5996","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Winterthur, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I858936495"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080443843","display_name":"Alessandro V. Papadopoulos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1364-8127"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alessandro V. Papadopoulos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mälardalen University, Västerås, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1364-8127","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mälardalen University, Västerås, Sweden","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074563743","display_name":"Blesson Varghese","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8392-832X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126231945","display_name":"Queen's University Belfast","ror":"https://ror.org/00hswnk62","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Blesson Varghese","raw_affiliation_strings":["Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8392-832X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021973291","display_name":"Omer Rana","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3597-2646"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79510175","display_name":"Cardiff University","ror":"https://ror.org/03kk7td41","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79510175"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Omer Rana","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3597-2646","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79510175"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004847496","display_name":"Schahram Dustdar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6872-8821"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145847075","display_name":"TU Wien","ror":"https://ror.org/04d836q62","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145847075"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Schahram Dustdar","raw_affiliation_strings":["TU Wien, Vienna, Austria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6872-8821","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"TU Wien, Vienna, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145847075"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.424,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":51,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97966677,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":"6","first_page":"42","last_page":"50"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10101","display_name":"Cloud Computing and Resource Management","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10101","display_name":"Cloud Computing and Resource Management","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9954000115394592,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8793138265609741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/container","display_name":"Container (type theory)","score":0.5958501696586609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.5901288390159607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-machine","display_name":"Virtual machine","score":0.5373392105102539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variety","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","score":0.5221036672592163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.4873135983943939},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-consumption","display_name":"Power consumption","score":0.4725489318370819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","score":0.46780920028686523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.45474928617477417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.4396296441555023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/range","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","score":0.4324287474155426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.42564231157302856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.32353436946868896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.31311163306236267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.20696806907653809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.12304234504699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.09822043776512146}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8793138265609741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781018962","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164884","display_name":"Container (type theory)","level":2,"score":0.5958501696586609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.5901288390159607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25344961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192726","display_name":"Virtual machine","level":2,"score":0.5373392105102539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.5221036672592163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.4873135983943939},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984118289","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29954","display_name":"Power consumption","level":3,"score":0.4725489318370819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.46780920028686523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.45474928617477417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.4396296441555023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.4324287474155426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.42564231157302856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.32353436946868896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.31311163306236267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.20696806907653809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.12304234504699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.09822043776512146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/mic.2021.3093105","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mic.2021.3093105","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S205899252","display_name":"IEEE Internet Computing","issn_l":"1089-7801","issn":["1089-7801","1941-0131"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk:146093","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401195","display_name":"ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79510175","host_organization_name":"Cardiff University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79510175"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:digitalcollection.zhaw.ch:11475/29619","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11475/29619","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401811","display_name":"Z\u00fcrcher Hochschule f\u00fcr Angewandte Wissenschaften digital collection (Zurich University of Applied Sciences)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I200744771","host_organization_name":"ZHAW Zurich University of Applied Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200744771"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:http://orca-dev.cardiff.ac.uk:146093","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/146093/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401195","display_name":"ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79510175","host_organization_name":"Cardiff University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79510175"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/25368","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10023/25368","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400230","display_name":"St Andrews Research Repository (St Andrews Research Repository)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I16835326","host_organization_name":"University of St Andrews","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16835326"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:digitalcollection.zhaw.ch:11475/29619","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11475/29619","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401811","display_name":"Z\u00fcrcher Hochschule f\u00fcr Angewandte Wissenschaften digital collection (Zurich University of Applied Sciences)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I200744771","host_organization_name":"ZHAW Zurich University of Applied Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200744771"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W782929444","https://openalex.org/W2078924106","https://openalex.org/W2605258629","https://openalex.org/W2606297994","https://openalex.org/W2740572477","https://openalex.org/W2909007099","https://openalex.org/W2958385005","https://openalex.org/W2964242569","https://openalex.org/W2966348830","https://openalex.org/W3030878622","https://openalex.org/W3037032032","https://openalex.org/W3047625732","https://openalex.org/W3115427265","https://openalex.org/W3131307264","https://openalex.org/W3158207578","https://openalex.org/W3172720379","https://openalex.org/W4287185093","https://openalex.org/W4287548096","https://openalex.org/W4288090629","https://openalex.org/W6766728687","https://openalex.org/W6769540564","https://openalex.org/W6787926327","https://openalex.org/W6795419044"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2367301169","https://openalex.org/W2974221847","https://openalex.org/W2352134912","https://openalex.org/W2775844720","https://openalex.org/W2055230095","https://openalex.org/W2001079144","https://openalex.org/W4376623838","https://openalex.org/W2048054615","https://openalex.org/W2313990708","https://openalex.org/W71401375"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Although":[0],"serverless":[1,23,70,130,178],"computing":[2,13,24],"generally":[3],"involves":[4],"executing":[5],"short-lived":[6],"\u201cfunctions,\u201d":[7],"the":[8,36,52,66,93,106,126,138],"increasing":[9],"migration":[10],"to":[11,80,124,176,192],"this":[12],"paradigm":[14],"requires":[15],"careful":[16],"consideration":[17],"of":[18,38,47,69,98,129,140,182],"energy":[19,127],"and":[20,61,108,117],"power":[21,95],"requirements.":[22],"is":[25,56],"also":[26],"viewed":[27],"as":[28,40],"an":[29],"economically-driven":[30],"computational":[31,48],"approach,":[32],"often":[33,85],"influenced":[34],"by":[35,86],"cost":[37],"computation,":[39],"users":[41],"are":[42,147,189],"charged":[43],"for":[44],"per-subsecond":[45],"use":[46,139],"resources":[49],"rather":[50],"than":[51],"coarse-grained":[53],"charging":[54],"that":[55,65,120,157],"common":[57],"with":[58],"virtual":[59],"machines":[60],"containers.":[62],"To":[63],"ensure":[64],"startup":[67],"times":[68],"functions":[71,83,156],"do":[72],"not":[73],"discourage":[74],"their":[75],"use,":[76],"resource":[77],"providers":[78],"need":[79],"keep":[81],"these":[82],"hot,":[84],"passing":[87],"in":[88,105,164],"synthetic":[89],"data.":[90],"We":[91],"describe":[92,109],"real":[94],"consumption":[96],"characteristics":[97],"serverless,":[99],"based":[100],"on":[101],"execution":[102,184],"traces":[103],"reported":[104],"literature,":[107],"potential":[110],"strategies":[111],"(some":[112],"adopted":[113],"from":[114,166],"existing":[115],"VM":[116],"container-based":[118],"approaches)":[119],"can":[121,162],"be":[122],"used":[123,150],"reduce":[125],"overheads":[128],"execution.":[131],"Our":[132],"analysis":[133],"is,":[134],"purposefully,":[135],"biased":[136],"toward":[137],"machine":[141,159],"learning":[142,160],"workloads":[143,146],"because:":[144],"(1)":[145],"increasingly":[148],"being":[149],"widely":[151],"across":[152,179],"different":[153],"applications;":[154],"(2)":[155],"implement":[158],"algorithms":[161],"range":[163],"complexity":[165],"long-running":[167],"(deep":[168],"learning)":[169],"versus":[170],"short-running":[171],"(inference":[172],"only),":[173],"enabling":[174],"us":[175],"consider":[177],"a":[180],"variety":[181],"possible":[183],"behaviors.":[185],"The":[186],"general":[187],"findings":[188],"easily":[190],"translatable":[191],"other":[193],"domains.":[194]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}