{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3086294993","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mic.2020.3023295","title":"A Review on the Application of Distributed Ledgers in the Evolution of Road Transport","display_name":"A Review on the Application of Distributed Ledgers in the Evolution of Road Transport","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-09-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3086294993","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mic.2020.3023295","mag":"3086294993"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mic.2020.3023295","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mic.2020.3023295","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S205899252","display_name":"IEEE Internet Computing","issn_l":"1089-7801","issn":["1089-7801","1941-0131"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mic.2020.3023295","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006463391","display_name":"Gianmarco Baldini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4830-1227"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800387288","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32","country_code":"BE","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1320481043","https://openalex.org/I2800387288"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gianmarco Baldini","raw_affiliation_strings":["European Commission, Joint Research Centre"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"European Commission, Joint Research Centre","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800387288"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052866036","display_name":"Jos\u00e9 L. Hern\u00e1ndez-Ramos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7697-116X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800387288","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32","country_code":"BE","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1320481043","https://openalex.org/I2800387288"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jose L. Hernandez-Ramos","raw_affiliation_strings":["European Commission, Joint Research Centre"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"European Commission, Joint Research Centre","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800387288"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001320617","display_name":"Gary Steri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7698-1771"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800387288","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32","country_code":"BE","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1320481043","https://openalex.org/I2800387288"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gary Steri","raw_affiliation_strings":["European Commission, Joint Research Centre"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"European Commission, Joint Research Centre","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800387288"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084435647","display_name":"Ricardo Neisse","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800387288","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32","country_code":"BE","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1320481043","https://openalex.org/I2800387288"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ricardo Neisse","raw_affiliation_strings":["European Commission, Joint Research Centre"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"European Commission, Joint Research Centre","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800387288"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052816495","display_name":"Igor Nai Fovino","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800387288","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32","country_code":"BE","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1320481043","https://openalex.org/I2800387288"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Igor Nai Fovino","raw_affiliation_strings":["European Commission, Joint Research Centre"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"European Commission, Joint Research Centre","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800387288"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800387288"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.9584,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90214065,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"6","first_page":"27","last_page":"36"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11942","display_name":"Transportation and Mobility Innovations","score":0.989300012588501,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.965499997138977,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leverage","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","score":0.7738553285598755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-ledger","display_name":"Distributed ledger","score":0.7559415102005005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.7240787148475647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.65358567237854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.5182409286499023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transparency","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","score":0.46546104550361633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.45776158571243286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.3213568329811096}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153083717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535263","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.7738553285598755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777541363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25110971","display_name":"Distributed ledger","level":3,"score":0.7559415102005005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.7240787148475647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.65358567237854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.5182409286499023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780233690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535347","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","level":2,"score":0.46546104550361633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.45776158571243286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3213568329811096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/mic.2020.3023295","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mic.2020.3023295","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S205899252","display_name":"IEEE Internet Computing","issn_l":"1089-7801","issn":["1089-7801","1941-0131"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu:111111111/62616","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC121771","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401126","display_name":"Joint Research Centre (European Commission)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2800387288","host_organization_name":"European Commission","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800387288"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Articles in periodicals and books"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mic.2020.3023295","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mic.2020.3023295","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S205899252","display_name":"IEEE Internet Computing","issn_l":"1089-7801","issn":["1089-7801","1941-0131"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4099999964237213,"display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1301977492","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"H2020-780139","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2605157201","https://openalex.org/W2749247755","https://openalex.org/W2753108002","https://openalex.org/W2765157778","https://openalex.org/W2786393483","https://openalex.org/W2793610021","https://openalex.org/W2803109435","https://openalex.org/W2805690413","https://openalex.org/W2891525119","https://openalex.org/W2908790886","https://openalex.org/W2911810074","https://openalex.org/W2918533601","https://openalex.org/W2921352626","https://openalex.org/W2934277901","https://openalex.org/W2963764727","https://openalex.org/W2964936003","https://openalex.org/W2965361756","https://openalex.org/W2982562810","https://openalex.org/W2992642642","https://openalex.org/W3022701522","https://openalex.org/W3103421870","https://openalex.org/W4236834124","https://openalex.org/W7052379554"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4253897078","https://openalex.org/W4283163498","https://openalex.org/W3160375675","https://openalex.org/W4221010187","https://openalex.org/W4320037181","https://openalex.org/W3164536060","https://openalex.org/W4360999634","https://openalex.org/W4392013030","https://openalex.org/W4283391561","https://openalex.org/W4381329650"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"recent":[1],"years,":[2],"distributed":[3,15],"ledger":[4],"technologies":[5,12],"(DLTs)":[6],"and":[7,16,37,61,71,93,111,125,136,143],"blockchain":[8],"have":[9],"become":[10],"disruptive":[11],"to":[13,50,96,103,128],"support":[14],"trusted":[17],"sharing":[18],"ecosystems":[19],"in":[20,79,99,109,134,138],"various":[21],"domains.":[22],"Among":[23],"the":[24,46,75,85,94,100,105,130],"potential":[25,86,122],"scenarios":[26],"that":[27,88],"can":[28],"leverage":[29,90],"their":[30],"benefits,":[31],"cooperative":[32],"intelligent":[33],"transport":[34],"systems":[35],"(C-ITS)":[36],"autonomous":[38],"vehicles":[39],"(AV)":[40],"represent":[41],"a":[42,52,119],"key":[43],"trend":[44],"of":[45,77,107,121,132,140],"next":[47],"digital":[48],"era":[49],"build":[51],"safer":[53],"society.":[54],"However,":[55],"different":[56],"aspects":[57],"such":[58,80],"as":[59,64,66],"performance":[60],"practical":[62],"issues,":[63],"well":[65],"conformance":[67],"with":[68],"current":[69],"standards":[70],"legislation,":[72],"may":[73],"hinder":[74],"adoption":[76,106],"DLT":[78],"scenarios.":[81],"This":[82],"article":[83],"analyses":[84],"applications":[87],"could":[89],"DLTs":[91,108,133],"features":[92],"challenges":[95],"be":[97],"overcome":[98],"coming":[101],"years":[102],"foster":[104],"C-ITS":[110,135],"AV.":[112],"Through":[113],"this":[114],"analysis,":[115],"we":[116],"additionally":[117],"provide":[118],"set":[120],"research":[123],"directions":[124],"ways":[126],"forward":[127],"exploit":[129],"advantages":[131],"AV":[137],"terms":[139],"decentralized":[141],"trust":[142],"transparency.":[144]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2020-09-21T00:00:00"}
