{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3211837290","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mfi52462.2021.9591167","title":"Detection of Conductive Lane Markers using mm Wave FMCW Automotive Radar","display_name":"Detection of Conductive Lane Markers using mm Wave FMCW Automotive Radar","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-09-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3211837290","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mfi52462.2021.9591167","mag":"3211837290"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mfi52462.2021.9591167","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mfi52462.2021.9591167","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE International Conference on Multisensor Fusion and Integration for Intelligent Systems (MFI)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://qspace.library.queensu.ca/bitstreams/f3e8e86a-faf7-4904-9aac-5343423f5152/download","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077963997","display_name":"Austin Greisman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2846-0175"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204722609","display_name":"Queen's University","ror":"https://ror.org/02y72wh86","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Austin Greisman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Engineering and the Ingenuity Labs Research Institute, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering and the Ingenuity Labs Research Institute, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005410852","display_name":"Keyvan Hashtrudi-Zaad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3567-5430"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204722609","display_name":"Queen's University","ror":"https://ror.org/02y72wh86","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Keyvan Hashtrudi-Zaad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Engineering and the Ingenuity Labs Research Institute, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering and the Ingenuity Labs Research Institute, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056181361","display_name":"Joshua A. Marshall","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7736-7981"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204722609","display_name":"Queen's University","ror":"https://ror.org/02y72wh86","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joshua A. Marshall","raw_affiliation_strings":["Engineering and the Ingenuity Labs Research Institute, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering and the Ingenuity Labs Research Institute, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.2961,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77401186,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"56","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11609","display_name":"Geophysical Methods and Applications","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11609","display_name":"Geophysical Methods and Applications","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11739","display_name":"Microwave Imaging and Scattering Analysis","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11851","display_name":"Electromagnetic Compatibility and Measurements","score":0.9962999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.6953525543212891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-conductor","display_name":"Electrical conductor","score":0.6401357650756836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/snow","display_name":"Snow","score":0.6256188154220581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-industry","display_name":"Automotive industry","score":0.6224815249443054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.597509503364563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extremely-high-frequency","display_name":"Extremely high frequency","score":0.509739100933075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.5024435520172119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-imaging","display_name":"Radar imaging","score":0.4341522455215454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lidar","display_name":"Lidar","score":0.41480740904808044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-engineering","display_name":"Automotive engineering","score":0.39809107780456543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerospace-engineering","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","score":0.28026437759399414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.2261584997177124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.22391289472579956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.21898531913757324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.20547643303871155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.16853037476539612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.07193583250045776}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.6953525543212891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202374169","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124291","display_name":"Electrical conductor","level":2,"score":0.6401357650756836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197046000","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7561","display_name":"Snow","level":2,"score":0.6256188154220581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C526921623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190117","display_name":"Automotive industry","level":2,"score":0.6224815249443054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.597509503364563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45764600","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q570342","display_name":"Extremely high frequency","level":2,"score":0.509739100933075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5024435520172119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10929652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7279985","display_name":"Radar imaging","level":3,"score":0.4341522455215454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51399673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504027","display_name":"Lidar","level":2,"score":0.41480740904808044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.39809107780456543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.28026437759399414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.2261584997177124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.22391289472579956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.21898531913757324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.20547643303871155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.16853037476539612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.07193583250045776}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/mfi52462.2021.9591167","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mfi52462.2021.9591167","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE International Conference on Multisensor Fusion and Integration for Intelligent Systems (MFI)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:qspace.library.queensu.ca:1974/29515","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1974/29515","pdf_url":"http://qspace.library.queensu.ca/bitstreams/f3e8e86a-faf7-4904-9aac-5343423f5152/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402568","display_name":"QSpace (Queen's University Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I204722609","host_organization_name":"Queen's University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"journal article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:qspace.library.queensu.ca:1974/29515","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1974/29515","pdf_url":"http://qspace.library.queensu.ca/bitstreams/f3e8e86a-faf7-4904-9aac-5343423f5152/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402568","display_name":"QSpace (Queen's University Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I204722609","host_organization_name":"Queen's University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"journal article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.4000000059604645}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2365331200","display_name":"Multi-Robot Tools and Techniques for Exploration and Mobile Surveying","funder_award_id":"rgpin-2015-04025","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G560051739","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RGPIN-2015","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322675","display_name":"Mitacs","ror":"https://ror.org/00cjrc276"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3211837290.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3211837290.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1527190934","https://openalex.org/W2006750201","https://openalex.org/W2008917117","https://openalex.org/W2022636348","https://openalex.org/W2032858380","https://openalex.org/W2136896638","https://openalex.org/W2517637050","https://openalex.org/W2802954337","https://openalex.org/W2807993059","https://openalex.org/W2896271409","https://openalex.org/W3002244147","https://openalex.org/W3065612460","https://openalex.org/W3090586535","https://openalex.org/W3102381167","https://openalex.org/W6680144360"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2324627161","https://openalex.org/W4321518082","https://openalex.org/W1950419221","https://openalex.org/W2365511432","https://openalex.org/W2158654188","https://openalex.org/W2145486338","https://openalex.org/W2548541800","https://openalex.org/W2425539571","https://openalex.org/W2808381807","https://openalex.org/W1922597926"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Localization":[0],"of":[1,56,67],"vehicles":[2],"in":[3,35],"inclement":[4],"weather":[5],"conditions,":[6],"including":[7],"snow":[8,65],"and":[9],"heavy":[10],"rain,":[11],"is":[12,74],"a":[13,23,83],"significant":[14],"issue":[15],"plaguing":[16],"autonomous":[17],"vehicle":[18,88],"systems.":[19],"Our":[20],"work":[21],"takes":[22],"step":[24],"towards":[25],"tackling":[26],"this":[27],"problem":[28],"by":[29],"leveraging":[30],"existing":[31],"hardware":[32],"commonly":[33],"used":[34],"self-driving":[36],"vehicles,":[37],"namely":[38],"low-cost":[39],"millimetre":[40],"wave":[41],"(mmWave)":[42],"radar":[43,72],"systems":[44],"to":[45,77],"detect":[46,79],"conductive":[47,69],"paint":[48],"on":[49],"roads.":[50],"This":[51],"paper":[52],"presents":[53],"the":[54,68,71,80],"results":[55],"preliminary":[57],"experiments":[58],"that":[59],"indicated":[60],"that,":[61],"even":[62],"with":[63],"full":[64],"converge":[66],"paint,":[70],"system":[73],"still":[75],"able":[76],"successfully":[78],"material":[81],"as":[82],"potential":[84],"marker":[85],"for":[86],"lateral":[87],"localization.":[89]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-01T09:00:35.917206","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}