{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4405754826","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/metroxraine62247.2024.10796379","title":"Vision Transformer Approaches for COVID-19 Pneumonia Assessment in Lung Ultrasound Images","display_name":"Vision Transformer Approaches for COVID-19 Pneumonia Assessment in Lung Ultrasound Images","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-10-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4405754826","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/metroxraine62247.2024.10796379"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/metroxraine62247.2024.10796379","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/metroxraine62247.2024.10796379","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 IEEE International Conference on Metrology for eXtended Reality, Artificial Intelligence and Neural Engineering (MetroXRAINE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076591016","display_name":"Maria Chiara Fiorentino","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7397-803X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122534668","display_name":"Marche Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/00x69rs40","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122534668"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maria Chiara Fiorentino","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit&#x00E0; Politecnica delle Marche,Ancona,Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit&#x00E0; Politecnica delle Marche,Ancona,Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122534668"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086186566","display_name":"Riccardo Rosati","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3288-638X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122534668","display_name":"Marche Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/00x69rs40","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122534668"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Riccardo Rosati","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit&#x00E0; Politecnica delle Marche,Ancona,Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit&#x00E0; Politecnica delle Marche,Ancona,Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122534668"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115632239","display_name":"Andrian Melnic","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122534668","display_name":"Marche Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/00x69rs40","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122534668"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrian Melnic","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit&#x00E0; Politecnica delle Marche,Ancona,Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit&#x00E0; Politecnica delle Marche,Ancona,Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122534668"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084679778","display_name":"Edoardo Conti","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122534668","display_name":"Marche Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/00x69rs40","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122534668"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Edoardo Conti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit&#x00E0; Politecnica delle Marche,Ancona,Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit&#x00E0; Politecnica delle Marche,Ancona,Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122534668"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043094333","display_name":"Primo Zingaretti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5709-2159"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122534668","display_name":"Marche Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/00x69rs40","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122534668"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Primo Zingaretti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit&#x00E0; Politecnica delle Marche,Ancona,Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit&#x00E0; Politecnica delle Marche,Ancona,Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122534668"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122534668"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"83","last_page":"88"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11775","display_name":"COVID-19 diagnosis using AI","score":0.9873999953269958,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11775","display_name":"COVID-19 diagnosis using AI","score":0.9873999953269958,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12422","display_name":"Radiomics and Machine Learning in Medical Imaging","score":0.9693999886512756,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12994","display_name":"Infrared Thermography in Medicine","score":0.942300021648407,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coronavirus-disease-2019","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","score":0.716511607170105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pneumonia","display_name":"Pneumonia","score":0.5679824948310852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lung-ultrasound","display_name":"Lung ultrasound","score":0.5624529719352722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/2019-20-coronavirus-outbreak","display_name":"2019-20 coronavirus outbreak","score":0.4883653521537781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.462371826171875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.4333673417568207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-coronavirus-2","display_name":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)","score":0.4319489598274231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ultrasound","display_name":"Ultrasound","score":0.4131908714771271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.4029983878135681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.36606794595718384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3256162405014038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiology","display_name":"Radiology","score":0.3154436945915222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virology","display_name":"Virology","score":0.17686739563941956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.16552734375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pathology","display_name":"Pathology","score":0.16189837455749512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internal-medicine","display_name":"Internal medicine","score":0.15174230933189392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.11356240510940552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/infectious-disease","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","score":0.06614422798156738}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3008058167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","level":4,"score":0.716511607170105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777914695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12192","display_name":"Pneumonia","level":2,"score":0.5679824948310852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992160955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q234904","display_name":"Lung ultrasound","level":3,"score":0.5624529719352722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3006700255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81068910","display_name":"2019-20 coronavirus outbreak","level":3,"score":0.4883653521537781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.462371826171875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.4333673417568207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3007834351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82069695","display_name":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)","level":5,"score":0.4319489598274231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143753070","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162564","display_name":"Ultrasound","level":2,"score":0.4131908714771271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.4029983878135681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.36606794595718384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3256162405014038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.3154436945915222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159047783","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7215","display_name":"Virology","level":1,"score":0.17686739563941956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.16552734375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.16189837455749512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.15174230933189392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.11356240510940552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524204448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788926","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","level":3,"score":0.06614422798156738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116675565","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3241045","display_name":"Outbreak","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/metroxraine62247.2024.10796379","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/metroxraine62247.2024.10796379","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 IEEE International Conference on Metrology for eXtended Reality, Artificial Intelligence and Neural Engineering (MetroXRAINE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.univpm.it:11566/342618","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11566/342618","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402571","display_name":"Universit\u00e0 Politecnica delle Marche (Universit\u00e0 Politecnica delle Marche)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I122534668","host_organization_name":"Marche Polytechnic University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122534668"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"},{"id":"pmh:oai:u-pad.unimc.it:11393/379030","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11393/379030","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196455","display_name":"U-PAD Unimc - Open Digital Publications (University of Macerata)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I55133342","host_organization_name":"University of Macerata","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55133342"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2616247523","https://openalex.org/W2963925437","https://openalex.org/W3016185001","https://openalex.org/W3025576489","https://openalex.org/W3138516171","https://openalex.org/W3172509117","https://openalex.org/W3203483667","https://openalex.org/W4294975187","https://openalex.org/W4295936537","https://openalex.org/W4303628775","https://openalex.org/W4313125078","https://openalex.org/W4320489854","https://openalex.org/W4386275863","https://openalex.org/W4391021568"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1609290283","https://openalex.org/W2351153092","https://openalex.org/W4285277708","https://openalex.org/W3025403518","https://openalex.org/W1926661321","https://openalex.org/W4309546027","https://openalex.org/W3190438903","https://openalex.org/W2991074577","https://openalex.org/W2585697019","https://openalex.org/W4311784793"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"recent":[1],"years,":[2],"Convolutional":[3],"Neural":[4],"Networks":[5],"(CNNs)":[6],"have":[7],"been":[8],"at":[9],"the":[10,19,49,58,68,83,95,122,130,141,192,228],"forefront":[11],"of":[12,21,51,70,77,85,97,132,154,181,195,230],"advancements":[13],"in":[14,18,32,41,57,159,200,215],"medical":[15],"imaging,":[16],"particularly":[17],"classification":[20],"disease":[22],"severity":[23,84],"from":[24,88,169],"ultrasound":[25,60],"images.":[26,90,217],"However,":[27],"CNNs":[28,134],"often":[29],"face":[30],"challenges":[31],"capturing":[33,78],"long-range":[34,79],"dependencies":[35],"within":[36],"images,":[37],"a":[38,126],"crucial":[39],"factor":[40],"accurately":[42],"assessing":[43],"conditions":[44],"like":[45],"COVID-19":[46,86,231],"pneumonia,":[47],"where":[48],"evaluation":[50],"anatomical":[52],"features":[53],"and":[54,93,112,135,183,211],"different":[55],"artifacts":[56],"lung":[59],"image":[61,161],"(LUS)":[62],"is":[63],"vital.":[64],"This":[65,218],"research":[66],"investigates":[67],"potential":[69],"Transformer-based":[71,221],"models,":[72],"known":[73],"for":[74,226],"their":[75],"capability":[76],"dependencies,":[80],"to":[81,198,207],"classify":[82],"pneumonia":[87,232],"LUS":[89,160,216,236],"We":[91],"explore":[92],"compare":[94],"performance":[96,158],"various":[98],"architectures,":[99],"including":[100],"Swin":[101],"Transformer":[102,114],"Tiny":[103],"(Swin-T),":[104],"based":[105],"solely":[106],"on":[107,140],"Multi-Head":[108],"Self":[109],"Attention":[110],"(MHSA),":[111],"Bottleneck":[113],"(BoTNet-50),":[115],"an":[116,152,179],"innovative":[117],"hybrid":[118],"architecture":[119],"that":[120,147,220],"integrates":[121],"MHSA":[123],"mechanism":[124],"into":[125],"convolutional":[127],"backbone":[128],"combining":[129],"strengths":[131],"both":[133],"Transformers.":[136],"Our":[137],"analysis,":[138],"performed":[139],"publicly":[142],"available":[143],"ICLUS":[144],"dataset,":[145],"reveals":[146],"BoTNet-50":[148],"outperforms":[149],"ResNet-50":[150,186,199],"achieving":[151],"F1-Score":[153,180],"0.6025,":[155],"reflecting":[156],"superior":[157],"classification.":[162],"Swin-T,":[163],"while":[164],"initially":[165],"underperforming":[166],"when":[167],"trained":[168],"scratch,":[170],"saw":[171],"considerable":[172],"gains":[173],"via":[174],"transfer":[175],"learning,":[176],"ultimately":[177],"reaching":[178],"0.6513":[182],"surpassing":[184],"all":[185],"metrics.":[187],"Moreover,":[188],"Grad-CAM":[189],"analysis":[190],"highlights":[191],"remarkable":[193],"sensitivity":[194],"Swin-T":[196],"compared":[197],"detecting":[201],"complex":[202,212],"structures,":[203],"leveraging":[204],"its":[205],"ability":[206],"discern":[208],"broader":[209],"contexts":[210],"spatial":[213],"relationships":[214],"indicates":[219],"models":[222],"hold":[223],"significant":[224],"promise":[225],"advancing":[227],"precision":[229],"scoring":[233],"assessment":[234],"through":[235],"analysis.":[237]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
