{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4391424276","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/metroxraine58569.2023.10405784","title":"TinyRCE: Forward Learning Under Tiny Constraints","display_name":"TinyRCE: Forward Learning Under Tiny Constraints","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-10-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4391424276","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/metroxraine58569.2023.10405784"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/metroxraine58569.2023.10405784","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/metroxraine58569.2023.10405784","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/metroxraine58569.2023.10405784","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608343","display_name":"IEEE International Conference on Metrology for eXtended Reality, Artificial Intelligence and Neural Engineering (MetroXRAINE)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE International Conference on Metrology for eXtended Reality, Artificial Intelligence and Neural Engineering (MetroXRAINE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"volume":null,"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/10405784/","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036123913","display_name":"Danilo Pietro Pau","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1585-2313","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1585-2313"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210154781","display_name":"STMicroelectronics (Italy)","ror":"https://ror.org/053bqv655","country_code":"IT","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131827901","https://openalex.org/I4210154781"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Danilo Pau","raw_affiliation_strings":["System Research and Development STMicroelectronics Agrate,Brianza,Italy","System Research and Development STMicroelectronics Agrate, Brianza, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"System Research and Development STMicroelectronics Agrate,Brianza,Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210154781"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"System Research and Development STMicroelectronics Agrate, Brianza, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210154781"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049606621","display_name":"Prem Kumar Ambrose","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210154781","display_name":"STMicroelectronics (Italy)","ror":"https://ror.org/053bqv655","country_code":"IT","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131827901","https://openalex.org/I4210154781"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Prem Kumar Ambrose","raw_affiliation_strings":["System Research and Development STMicroelectronics Agrate,Brianza,Italy","System Research and Development STMicroelectronics Agrate, Brianza, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"System Research and Development STMicroelectronics Agrate,Brianza,Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210154781"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"System Research and Development STMicroelectronics Agrate, Brianza, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210154781"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083170468","display_name":"Andrea Pisani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9736-522X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9736-522X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210154781","display_name":"STMicroelectronics (Italy)","ror":"https://ror.org/053bqv655","country_code":"IT","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131827901","https://openalex.org/I4210154781"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrea Pisani","raw_affiliation_strings":["System Research and Development STMicroelectronics Agrate,Brianza,Italy","System Research and Development STMicroelectronics Agrate, Brianza, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"System Research and Development STMicroelectronics Agrate,Brianza,Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210154781"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"System Research and Development STMicroelectronics Agrate, Brianza, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210154781"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092276651","display_name":"Fabrizio Maria Aymone","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2188-1436","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2188-1436"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210154781","display_name":"STMicroelectronics (Italy)","ror":"https://ror.org/053bqv655","country_code":"IT","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131827901","https://openalex.org/I4210154781"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fabrizio M. Aymone","raw_affiliation_strings":["System Research and Development STMicroelectronics Agrate,Brianza,Italy","System Research and Development STMicroelectronics Agrate, Brianza, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"System Research and Development STMicroelectronics Agrate,Brianza,Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210154781"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"System Research and Development STMicroelectronics Agrate, Brianza, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210154781"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210154781"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7929,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.75222659,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"295","last_page":"300"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12761","display_name":"Data Stream Mining Techniques","score":0.57669997215271,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12761","display_name":"Data Stream Mining Techniques","score":0.57669997215271,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12676","display_name":"Machine Learning and ELM","score":0.2354000061750412,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.028999999165534973,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/on-device-learning","display_name":"on-device learning","score":0.7519999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extreme-learning-machine","display_name":"extreme learning machine","score":0.7710000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ultra-low-power-electronics","display_name":"ultra-low power electronics","score":0.7870000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microcontroller","display_name":"microcontroller","score":0.9900000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensor-data-streams","display_name":"sensor data streams","score":0.5569999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuron-pruning","display_name":"neuron pruning","score":0.5450000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-activity-monitoring","display_name":"human activity monitoring","score":0.843999981880188}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8089858293533325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188441871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7554146","display_name":"Softmax function","level":3,"score":0.7722669243812561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.6548821926116943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.648378312587738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155032097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q798503","display_name":"Backpropagation","level":3,"score":0.6085072755813599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5540727376937866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.47771692276000977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.4768972396850586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60777511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045002","display_name":"Concept drift","level":3,"score":0.4768156409263611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121687571","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4677630","display_name":"Activity recognition","level":2,"score":0.4426249861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173018170","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165678","display_name":"Microcontroller","level":2,"score":0.4228055477142334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4197048544883728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778476105","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628539","display_name":"Workload","level":2,"score":0.41913869976997375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89198739","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3079880","display_name":"Data stream mining","level":2,"score":0.41042324900627136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.20594626665115356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/metroxraine58569.2023.10405784","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/metroxraine58569.2023.10405784","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/metroxraine58569.2023.10405784","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608343","display_name":"IEEE International Conference on Metrology for eXtended Reality, Artificial Intelligence and Neural Engineering (MetroXRAINE)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE International Conference on Metrology for eXtended Reality, Artificial Intelligence and Neural Engineering (MetroXRAINE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.polito.it:11583/2985806","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/10405784/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055329","display_name":"PORTO@Iris","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.polito.it:11583/2985806","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/10405784/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055329","display_name":"PORTO@Iris","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1545563215","https://openalex.org/W1970252480","https://openalex.org/W2026131661","https://openalex.org/W2026297770","https://openalex.org/W2098290011","https://openalex.org/W2124503759","https://openalex.org/W2125901714","https://openalex.org/W2134603844","https://openalex.org/W2810967496","https://openalex.org/W2883766876","https://openalex.org/W2893813411","https://openalex.org/W2909545524","https://openalex.org/W2970263937","https://openalex.org/W2996514457","https://openalex.org/W3023250789","https://openalex.org/W3030364939","https://openalex.org/W3131168698","https://openalex.org/W3172051607","https://openalex.org/W3187658556","https://openalex.org/W3198455576","https://openalex.org/W3199421948","https://openalex.org/W3205667954","https://openalex.org/W3214107103","https://openalex.org/W4200560403","https://openalex.org/W4214601645","https://openalex.org/W4283766928","https://openalex.org/W4284974349","https://openalex.org/W4287253814","https://openalex.org/W4289713583","https://openalex.org/W4382236987","https://openalex.org/W6764967863","https://openalex.org/W6791220681","https://openalex.org/W6798951023"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2802243998","https://openalex.org/W2469699777","https://openalex.org/W3201554469","https://openalex.org/W3112950814","https://openalex.org/W2368264659","https://openalex.org/W4307392573","https://openalex.org/W2060628068","https://openalex.org/W4200217704","https://openalex.org/W2161835057","https://openalex.org/W3208495060"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,60,76,151],"challenge":[1],"posed":[2],"by":[3,30,65,72,83,111,228],"on-tiny-devices":[4],"learning":[5,15,21,43,61,121,164,183,192],"targeting":[6],"ultra-low":[7],"power":[8],"devices":[9],"has":[10,80,176,195],"recently":[11],"attracted":[12],"several":[13],"machine":[14],"researchers.":[16],"A":[17],"typical":[18],"on-device":[19,163],"model":[20],"session":[22],"processes":[23],"real":[24],"time":[25],"streams":[26,68],"of":[27,128,135,149,157],"data":[28,67],"produced":[29],"heterogeneous":[31],"sensors.":[32,59],"In":[33,123],"such":[34,124],"a":[35,41,47,85,112,145,161,180,223,229],"context,":[36],"this":[37],"paper":[38],"proposes":[39],"TinyRCE,":[40],"forward-only":[42],"approach":[44],"based":[45],"on":[46,54,58,169,235],"hyperspherical":[48],"classifier":[49,152,231],"aiming":[50],"to":[51,69,88,155,159,187],"be":[52,70,118],"deployed":[53],"microcontrollers":[55],"and,":[56],"potentially,":[57],"process":[62],"is":[63,105],"fed":[64,106],"labeled":[66],"classified":[71],"the":[73,93,126,129],"proposed":[74],"method.":[75],"classical":[77],"RCE":[78],"algorithm":[79],"been":[81,177,196],"modified":[82],"adding":[84],"forget":[86],"mechanism":[87],"discard":[89],"useless":[90],"neurons":[91],"from":[92],"classifier's":[94],"hidden":[95],"layer,":[96],"since":[97],"they":[98],"could":[99,117],"become":[100],"redundant":[101],"over":[102],"time.":[103],"TinyRCE":[104,175,219],"with":[107,138,179,198,233],"compact":[108],"features":[109],"extracted":[110],"convolutional":[113,225],"neural":[114],"network":[115],"which":[116],"an":[119,170,189],"extreme":[120],"machine.":[122],"case,":[125],"weights":[127,141],"topology":[130,226],"were":[131],"randomly":[132],"initialized":[133],"instead":[134],"trained":[136,232],"offline":[137],"backpropagation.":[139],"Its":[140],"are":[142],"stored":[143],"in":[144,166],"tiny":[146],"read-only":[147],"memory":[148],"76.45KiB.":[150],"required":[153],"up":[154],"40.26KiB":[156],"RAM":[158],"perform":[160],"complete":[162],"workload":[165],"0.216s,":[167],"running":[168],"MCU":[171],"clocked":[172],"at":[173],"480MHz.":[174],"evaluated":[178],"new":[181],"interleaved":[182],"and":[184,208],"testing":[185],"protocol":[186],"mimic":[188],"on-tiny-device":[190],"forward":[191],"workload.":[193],"It":[194],"tested":[197],"openly":[199],"available":[200],"datasets":[201],"representing":[202],"human":[203],"activity":[204],"monitoring":[205],"(PAMAP2,":[206],"SHL)":[207],"ball-bearing":[209],"anomaly":[210],"detection":[211],"(CWRU)":[212],"case":[213],"studies.":[214],"Experiments":[215],"have":[216],"shown":[217],"that":[218],"performed":[220],"competitively":[221],"against":[222],"supervised":[224],"followed":[227],"SoftMax":[230],"backpropagation":[234],"all":[236],"these":[237],"datasets.":[238]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-06T10:28:23.643775","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}