{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4391424268","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/metroxraine58569.2023.10405774","title":"Neural Networks Embedded in Wearable Devices: a Preliminary Digital vs. Analog Comparison","display_name":"Neural Networks Embedded in Wearable Devices: a Preliminary Digital vs. Analog Comparison","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-10-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4391424268","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/metroxraine58569.2023.10405774"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/metroxraine58569.2023.10405774","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/metroxraine58569.2023.10405774","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE International Conference on Metrology for eXtended Reality, Artificial Intelligence and Neural Engineering (MetroXRAINE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048344770","display_name":"Daniele M. Crafa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-6956-3497"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93860229","display_name":"Politecnico di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01nffqt88","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D. M. Crafa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Politecnico di Milano,Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria,Milano,Italy,20133"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Politecnico di Milano,Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria,Milano,Italy,20133","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088202083","display_name":"S. Di Giacomo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6682-8650"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93860229","display_name":"Politecnico di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01nffqt88","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. Di Giacomo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Politecnico di Milano,Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria,Milano,Italy,20133"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Politecnico di Milano,Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria,Milano,Italy,20133","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087959950","display_name":"C. Fiorini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1157-0143"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93860229","display_name":"Politecnico di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01nffqt88","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"C. Fiorini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Politecnico di Milano,Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria,Milano,Italy,20133"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Politecnico di Milano,Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria,Milano,Italy,20133","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028692100","display_name":"Marco Carminati","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3485-4317"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93860229","display_name":"Politecnico di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01nffqt88","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Carminati","raw_affiliation_strings":["Politecnico di Milano,Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria,Milano,Italy,20133"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Politecnico di Milano,Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria,Milano,Italy,20133","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.0889,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80979037,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"587","last_page":"592"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.37470000982284546,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.37470000982284546,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.704201877117157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wearable-computer","display_name":"Wearable computer","score":0.6489611864089966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5445646643638611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wearable-technology","display_name":"Wearable technology","score":0.4762420952320099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.30433475971221924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.29350394010543823}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.704201877117157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150594956","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1334829","display_name":"Wearable computer","level":2,"score":0.6489611864089966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5445646643638611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54290928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4845080","display_name":"Wearable technology","level":3,"score":0.4762420952320099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.30433475971221924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.29350394010543823}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/metroxraine58569.2023.10405774","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/metroxraine58569.2023.10405774","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE International Conference on Metrology for eXtended Reality, Artificial Intelligence and Neural Engineering (MetroXRAINE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:re.public.polimi.it:11311/1260026","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11311/1260026","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400312","display_name":"Virtual Community of Pathological Anatomy (University of Castilla La Mancha)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79189158","host_organization_name":"University of Castilla-La Mancha","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79189158"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9100000262260437,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":8,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1985165917","https://openalex.org/W2126687887","https://openalex.org/W2270470215","https://openalex.org/W2736034775","https://openalex.org/W2973081014","https://openalex.org/W4223505505","https://openalex.org/W4303712366","https://openalex.org/W4391249769"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3090300519","https://openalex.org/W2514492205","https://openalex.org/W4250401876","https://openalex.org/W2943851981","https://openalex.org/W2095299560","https://openalex.org/W2907667791","https://openalex.org/W3047461507","https://openalex.org/W3126390843","https://openalex.org/W4245880644","https://openalex.org/W2999186374"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0,57],"fully":[1],"connected":[2],"artificial":[3],"neural":[4],"network":[5],"(NN)":[6],"for":[7],"color":[8,15],"identification":[9],"(with":[10],"125":[11],"neurons":[12],"and":[13,32,43,55,78,114],"11":[14],"classes":[16],"with":[17,66,72],"inputs":[18],"from":[19],"an":[20,73,84],"RGB":[21],"sensor)":[22],"was":[23,59,101],"developed":[24],"to":[25,36],"study":[26],"the":[27,69,89,109,115],"challenges":[28],"of":[29,50,76,83,88,98,111,121],"real-time,":[30],"low-power":[31],"low-latency":[33],"machine":[34],"learning":[35],"be":[37],"embedded":[38],"in":[39,48,91,106,119],"wearable":[40],"devices.":[41],"Digital":[42],"analog":[44,86],"approaches":[45],"were":[46],"compared":[47],"terms":[49,120],"miniaturization,":[51],"power":[52],"consumption,":[53],"accuracy":[54],"speed.":[56],"prototype":[58],"built":[60],"using":[61],"a":[62,92],"Nordic":[63],"nRF52840":[64],"microcontroller":[65],"BLE,":[67],"where":[68],"NN":[70,90],"runs":[71],"energy":[74,122],"consumption":[75],"6$\\mu$J/class":[77],"sub-ms":[79],"time.":[80],"The":[81],"feasibility":[82],"alternative":[85],"implementation":[87],"dedicated":[93],"integrated":[94],"circuit":[95],"by":[96],"means":[97],"switched":[99],"capacitors":[100],"evaluated":[102],"through":[103],"simulations,":[104],"focusing":[105],"particular":[107],"on":[108],"impact":[110],"weights":[112],"quantization":[113],"potentially":[116],"significant":[117],"saving":[118],"dissipation":[123],"(2":[124],"nJ/class),":[125]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}