{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4310872358","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/metroxraine54828.2022.9967556","title":"BCI devices and their capacity to express human will having legal value: a model of risk-based classification","display_name":"BCI devices and their capacity to express human will having legal value: a model of risk-based classification","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-10-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4310872358","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/metroxraine54828.2022.9967556"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/metroxraine54828.2022.9967556","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/metroxraine54828.2022.9967556","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608343","display_name":"2022 IEEE International Conference on Metrology for Extended Reality, Artificial Intelligence and Neural Engineering (MetroXRAINE)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 IEEE International Conference on Metrology for Extended Reality, Artificial Intelligence and Neural Engineering (MetroXRAINE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029776416","display_name":"Lucilla Gatt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7730-7180"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802142324","display_name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi Suor Orsola Benincasa","ror":"https://ror.org/021k2cy37","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802142324"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lucilla Gatt","raw_affiliation_strings":["University Suor Orsola Benincasa,Full Private Law Director of the Research Centre of European Private Law (ReCEPL),Naples,IT","Full Private Law Director of the Research Centre of European Private Law (ReCEPL), University Suor Orsola Benincasa, Naples, IT"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University Suor Orsola Benincasa,Full Private Law Director of the Research Centre of European Private Law (ReCEPL),Naples,IT","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802142324"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Full Private Law Director of the Research Centre of European Private Law (ReCEPL), University Suor Orsola Benincasa, Naples, IT","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802142324"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009337285","display_name":"Ilaria Amelia Caggiano","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7539-3695"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802142324","display_name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi Suor Orsola Benincasa","ror":"https://ror.org/021k2cy37","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802142324"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ilaria A. Caggiano","raw_affiliation_strings":["University Suor Orsola Benincasa,Full Private Law Vice-Director of the Research Centre of European Private Law (ReCEPL),Naples,IT","Full Private Law Vice-Director of the Research Centre of European Private Law (ReCEPL), University Suor Orsola Benincasa, Naples, IT"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University Suor Orsola Benincasa,Full Private Law Vice-Director of the Research Centre of European Private Law (ReCEPL),Naples,IT","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802142324"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Full Private Law Vice-Director of the Research Centre of European Private Law (ReCEPL), University Suor Orsola Benincasa, Naples, IT","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010517657","display_name":"Emiliano Troisi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0560-0916"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802142324","display_name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi Suor Orsola Benincasa","ror":"https://ror.org/021k2cy37","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802142324"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emiliano Troisi","raw_affiliation_strings":["University Suor Orsola Benincasa,Research Centre of European Private Law (ReCEPL),Naples,IT","Research Centre of European Private Law (ReCEPL), University Suor Orsola Benincasa, Naples, IT"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University Suor Orsola Benincasa,Research Centre of European Private Law (ReCEPL),Naples,IT","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802142324"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Centre of European Private Law (ReCEPL), University Suor Orsola Benincasa, Naples, IT","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802142324"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034959376","display_name":"Livia Aulino","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2435-4834"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802142324","display_name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi Suor Orsola Benincasa","ror":"https://ror.org/021k2cy37","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802142324"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Livia Aulino","raw_affiliation_strings":["University Suor Orsola Benincasa,Research Centre of European Private Law (ReCEPL),Naples,IT","Research Centre of European Private Law (ReCEPL), University Suor Orsola Benincasa, Naples, IT"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University Suor Orsola Benincasa,Research Centre of European Private Law (ReCEPL),Naples,IT","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802142324"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Centre of European Private Law (ReCEPL), University Suor Orsola Benincasa, Naples, IT","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802142324"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075730294","display_name":"Davide Silvio D'Aloia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7641-4491"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802142324","display_name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi Suor Orsola Benincasa","ror":"https://ror.org/021k2cy37","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802142324"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Davide Silvio D'Aloia","raw_affiliation_strings":["University Suor Orsola Benincasa,Research Centre of European Private Law (ReCEPL),Naples,IT","Research Centre of European Private Law (ReCEPL), University Suor Orsola Benincasa, Naples, IT"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University Suor Orsola Benincasa,Research Centre of European Private Law (ReCEPL),Naples,IT","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802142324"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Centre of European Private Law (ReCEPL), University Suor Orsola Benincasa, Naples, IT","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802142324"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005164597","display_name":"Luigi Izzo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6826-7452"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802142324","display_name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi Suor Orsola Benincasa","ror":"https://ror.org/021k2cy37","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802142324"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luigi Izzo","raw_affiliation_strings":["University Suor Orsola Benincasa,Research Centre of European Private Law (ReCEPL),Naples,IT","Research Centre of European Private Law (ReCEPL), University Suor Orsola Benincasa, Naples, IT"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University Suor Orsola Benincasa,Research Centre of European Private Law (ReCEPL),Naples,IT","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802142324"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Centre of European Private Law (ReCEPL), University Suor Orsola Benincasa, Naples, IT","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802142324"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5029776416"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802142324"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.15903756,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"1865","issue":null,"first_page":"557","last_page":"562"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11601","display_name":"Neuroscience and Neural Engineering","score":0.9896000027656555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13248","display_name":"Healthcare Technology and Patient Monitoring","score":0.9674000144004822,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brain\u2013computer-interface","display_name":"Brain\u2013computer interface","score":0.6099244952201843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6016865968704224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/value","display_name":"Value (mathematics)","score":0.572546124458313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3990948796272278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3335564434528351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electroencephalography","display_name":"Electroencephalography","score":0.27052372694015503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.14473742246627808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroscience","display_name":"Neuroscience","score":0.0750129222869873}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173201364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q897410","display_name":"Brain\u2013computer interface","level":3,"score":0.6099244952201843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6016865968704224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776291640","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2912517","display_name":"Value (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.572546124458313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3990948796272278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3335564434528351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522805319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179965","display_name":"Electroencephalography","level":2,"score":0.27052372694015503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.14473742246627808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0750129222869873}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/metroxraine54828.2022.9967556","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/metroxraine54828.2022.9967556","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608343","display_name":"2022 IEEE International Conference on Metrology for Extended Reality, Artificial Intelligence and Neural Engineering (MetroXRAINE)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 IEEE International Conference on Metrology for Extended Reality, Artificial Intelligence and Neural Engineering (MetroXRAINE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2146629441","https://openalex.org/W2185242875","https://openalex.org/W2604941166","https://openalex.org/W2608381016","https://openalex.org/W2624325785","https://openalex.org/W2896308484","https://openalex.org/W2901154643","https://openalex.org/W2955681028","https://openalex.org/W3032927390","https://openalex.org/W3033051548","https://openalex.org/W3033601594","https://openalex.org/W3093538032","https://openalex.org/W3145668300","https://openalex.org/W3158879945","https://openalex.org/W3212649994","https://openalex.org/W4220908555","https://openalex.org/W4224943994","https://openalex.org/W4225882323","https://openalex.org/W4231551601","https://openalex.org/W4243045353","https://openalex.org/W4244639152","https://openalex.org/W6687236857","https://openalex.org/W6765317485","https://openalex.org/W7039777016"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W4306674287","https://openalex.org/W3046775127","https://openalex.org/W3107602296","https://openalex.org/W4394896187","https://openalex.org/W3170094116","https://openalex.org/W4386462264","https://openalex.org/W4364306694","https://openalex.org/W4312192474","https://openalex.org/W4283697347"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"One":[0],"of":[1,73,81,83,129,142,157,235,243,252],"the":[2,8,44,51,67,71,74,99,113,172,180,188,197,203,233],"ultimate":[3],"frontiers":[4],"in":[5,88,98,127,219],"biotechnology":[6],"is":[7,105,255],"so-called":[9],"Brain-computer-interface":[10],"(BCI).":[11],"BCI":[12,48,104,192,226],"techs":[13],"are":[14,186],"already":[15],"developed":[16],"and":[17,69,94,123,154,159,196,238,246],"used":[18,109,151],"for":[19,29,37,120,152,202],"therapeutic":[20],"purposes":[21],"(e.g.,":[22,36],"as":[23],"assistive":[24,153],"tools":[25],"or":[26,32,126,229],"diagnostic":[27],"devices":[28,39,150,254],"health":[30,124],"patients)":[31],"more":[33,108],"recreational":[34],"ones":[35],"controlling":[38],"by":[40,55],"connecting":[41],"them":[42],"to":[43,59,66,171,210,224,232],"human":[45,204],"brain).":[46],"A":[47,248],"system":[49],"detects":[50],"neural":[52],"signal":[53],"produced":[54],"brain":[56,84],"activity":[57,77],"due":[58],"a":[60,79,90,139,191,221],"specific":[61],"input,":[62],"measures":[63],"this":[64],"response":[65],"stimulus":[68],"records":[70],"output":[72],"signal.":[75],"This":[76,144],"allows":[78],"decoding":[80],"patterns":[82],"signals,":[85],"therefore":[86],"\u2018translatable\u2019":[87],"commands":[89],"computer":[91],"can":[92],"understand":[93],"even":[95],"carry":[96],"out":[97],"external":[100],"reality.":[101],"That\u2019s":[102],"why":[103],"now":[106],"becoming":[107],"(or":[110],"experimented),":[111],"considering":[112],"advantages":[114],"that":[115,190],"could":[116],"derive":[117],"from":[118,138],"it":[119,133,199],"neurological":[121],"research":[122],"care,":[125],"support":[128],"disabled":[130],"people.":[131],"Nevertheless,":[132],"also":[134,256],"raises":[135],"some":[136],"questions":[137],"legal":[140,162,214,236],"point":[141],"view.":[143],"Paper":[145,217],"focuses":[146],"specifically":[147],"on":[148],"BCI-based":[149],"augmented":[155],"communication":[156],"users,":[158],"wonders":[160],"what":[161],"regime":[163],"\u2013":[164,167],"if":[165],"any":[166],"should":[168],"be":[169,211],"accorded":[170],"personal":[173],"will":[174,205],"expressed":[175,206],"through":[176,207],"those":[177],"tools.":[178],"Once":[179],"risks":[181],"have":[182,201],"been":[183],"identified,":[184],"they":[185],"outlined":[187],"parameters":[189],"device":[193],"must":[194,200],"meet":[195],"requirements":[198],"its":[208],"use":[209],"considered":[212],"having":[213],"value.":[215],"The":[216],"proposes,":[218],"conclusion,":[220],"self-assessment":[222],"strategy":[223],"operationalize":[225],"technologies":[227],"applied":[228],"potentially":[230],"applicable":[231],"context":[234],"relations":[237],"juridic":[239],"self-determination,":[240],"implementing":[241],"methods":[242],"risk":[244],"evaluation":[245],"management.":[247],"risk-based":[249],"classification":[250],"model":[251],"BCI-communicative":[253],"suggested.":[257]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}