{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7162498916","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/menacomm69507.2026.11532862","title":"Adversarial Defense Strategies for 6G PHY: A Comprehensive Survey","display_name":"Adversarial Defense Strategies for 6G PHY: A Comprehensive Survey","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7162498916","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/menacomm69507.2026.11532862"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/menacomm69507.2026.11532862","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/menacomm69507.2026.11532862","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2026 6th Middle East and North Africa Communications Conference (MENACOMM)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103067352","display_name":"Tarek Ali","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8380-1625"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11983389","display_name":"Manchester Metropolitan University","ror":"https://ror.org/02hstj355","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11983389"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tarek Ali","raw_affiliation_strings":["Manchester MetropolitanUniversity,Department of Computing and Mathematics,Manchester,United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Manchester MetropolitanUniversity,Department of Computing and Mathematics,Manchester,United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11983389"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134745812","display_name":"Dr Mohammed Al-Khalidi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11983389","display_name":"Manchester Metropolitan University","ror":"https://ror.org/02hstj355","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11983389"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammed Al-Khalidi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Manchester MetropolitanUniversity,Department of Computing and Mathematics,Manchester,United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Manchester MetropolitanUniversity,Department of Computing and Mathematics,Manchester,United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11983389"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088617561","display_name":"Ali Kashif Bashir","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2601-9327"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11983389","display_name":"Manchester Metropolitan University","ror":"https://ror.org/02hstj355","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11983389"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ali Kashif Bashir","raw_affiliation_strings":["Manchester MetropolitanUniversity,Department of Computing and Mathematics,Manchester,United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Manchester MetropolitanUniversity,Department of Computing and Mathematics,Manchester,United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11983389"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040655055","display_name":"Amna Eleyan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2025-3027"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11983389","display_name":"Manchester Metropolitan University","ror":"https://ror.org/02hstj355","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11983389"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amna Eleyan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Manchester MetropolitanUniversity,Department of Computing and Mathematics,Manchester,United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Manchester MetropolitanUniversity,Department of Computing and Mathematics,Manchester,United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11983389"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079374330","display_name":"Tarek Bejaoui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2501-8939"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I179097149","display_name":"University of Carthage","ror":"https://ror.org/057x6za15","country_code":"TN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I179097149"]}],"countries":["TN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tarek Bejaoui","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Carthage,IDEA Lab, FSB,Tunisia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Carthage,IDEA Lab, FSB,Tunisia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I179097149"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046365205","display_name":"Rabab Al-Zaidi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2198-7794"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I54459138","display_name":"University of Salford","ror":"https://ror.org/01tmqtf75","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I54459138"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rabab Al-Zaidi","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Salford, Manchester,Computer Engineering Department,Manchester,United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Salford, Manchester,Computer Engineering Department,Manchester,United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I54459138"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"8"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.23929999768733978,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.23929999768733978,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.0640999972820282,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.054999999701976776,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.7396000027656555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.37369999289512634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.34049999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.33230000734329224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perspective","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","score":0.32280001044273376}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.7396000027656555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4397999942302704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.37369999289512634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.36480000615119934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.34619998931884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.34049999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3393000066280365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.33230000734329224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.32829999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.32280001044273376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.3197000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.2994000017642975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.29499998688697815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.27649998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.2648000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.258899986743927}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/menacomm69507.2026.11532862","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/menacomm69507.2026.11532862","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2026 6th Middle East and North Africa Communications Conference (MENACOMM)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W3192787793","https://openalex.org/W3193292754","https://openalex.org/W3197012778","https://openalex.org/W4310968096","https://openalex.org/W4312620418","https://openalex.org/W4327933606","https://openalex.org/W4381748177","https://openalex.org/W4386702956","https://openalex.org/W4389575941","https://openalex.org/W4391736284","https://openalex.org/W4392523536","https://openalex.org/W4393319347","https://openalex.org/W4396798508","https://openalex.org/W4398131512","https://openalex.org/W4399562891","https://openalex.org/W4400351072","https://openalex.org/W4400351812","https://openalex.org/W4401508440","https://openalex.org/W4401509067","https://openalex.org/W4402156022","https://openalex.org/W4402158786","https://openalex.org/W4403687737","https://openalex.org/W4405103489","https://openalex.org/W4406276219","https://openalex.org/W4408574631","https://openalex.org/W4409102068","https://openalex.org/W4413392548","https://openalex.org/W4413739609","https://openalex.org/W4414538711","https://openalex.org/W7106326052"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Sixth-generation":[0],"(6":[1],"G)":[2],"networks":[3],"will":[4],"increasingly":[5],"rely":[6],"on":[7,46],"artificial":[8],"intelligence":[9],"(AI)/machine":[10],"learning":[11,116,150],"(ML)":[12],"at":[13],"the":[14],"physical":[15],"layer":[16],"(PHY)":[17],"to":[18,36,109,119,143],"enable":[19],"ultra-low":[20],"latency,":[21],"massive":[22],"connectivity,":[23],"and":[24,49,70,78,95,148,173,177,189],"intelligent":[25,90],"radio":[26],"operation,":[27],"but":[28],"this":[29],"shift":[30],"also":[31],"exposes":[32],"new":[33],"attack":[34],"surfaces":[35],"adversarial":[37,47,106],"manipulation.":[38],"This":[39],"survey":[40,181],"synthesizes":[41],"30":[42],"recent":[43],"studies":[44],"(2021-2025)":[45],"threats":[48],"defenses":[50,104],"in":[51,159,165],"AI-enabled":[52],"<tex":[53,120],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[54,121,132],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">$\\mathbf{6":[55],"G":[56],"~":[57],"P":[58],"H":[59],"Y}$</tex>,":[60],"covering":[61],"gradientbased":[62],"attacks":[63],"(e.g.,":[64],"Fast":[65],"Gradient":[66,72],"Sign":[67],"Method":[68],"(FGSM)":[69],"Projected":[71],"Descent":[73],"(PGD))":[74],"alongside":[75],"spoofing,":[76],"jamming,":[77],"man-in-the-middle":[79],"(MitM)":[80],"adversaries":[81],"targeting":[82],"millimeterwave":[83],"(mmWave)":[84],"beam":[85],"prediction,":[86],"channel":[87],"estimation,":[88],"reconfigurable":[89],"surface":[91],"(RIS),":[92],"semantic":[93],"communications,":[94],"Open":[96],"Radio":[97],"Access":[98],"Network":[99],"(O-RAN)":[100],"intelligence.":[101],"We":[102],"organize":[103],"into":[105],"training":[107],"(up":[108,118,142],"57.90":[110],"%":[111,145],"robustness":[112],"improvement),":[113],"privacy-preserving":[114],"federated":[115],"(FL)":[117],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">$\\mathbf{1":[122],"7.":[123],"4":[124],"5":[125],"\\%}$</tex>":[126,136],"defense":[127,192],"gain),":[128],"defensive":[129],"distillation":[130],"(<tex":[131],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">$\\mathbf{9":[133],"8.":[134],"3":[135],"accuracy":[137],"under":[138],"attack),":[139],"cryptographic/authentication":[140],"mechanisms":[141],"100":[144],"verification":[146],"accuracy),":[147],"reinforcement":[149],"(RL)based":[151],"adaptive":[152],"strategies.":[153],"While":[154],"these":[155],"approaches":[156],"are":[157],"effective":[158],"specific":[160],"settings,":[161],"open":[162],"challenges":[163],"remain":[164],"achieving":[166],"crosstechnology":[167],"generalization,":[168],"mitigating":[169],"heterogeneous":[170],"concurrent":[171],"attacks,":[172],"meeting":[174],"strict":[175],"real-time":[176],"resource":[178],"constraints.":[179],"The":[180],"concludes":[182],"with":[183],"research":[184],"directions":[185],"toward":[186],"unified,":[187],"efficient,":[188],"deployable":[190],"PHY":[191],"frameworks":[193],"for":[194],"trustworthy":[195],"6":[196],"G.":[197]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2026-05-28T00:00:00"}
