{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4313452788","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/menacomm57252.2022.9998267","title":"Channel State Information based Device Free Wireless Sensing for IoT Devices Employing TinyML","display_name":"Channel State Information based Device Free Wireless Sensing for IoT Devices Employing TinyML","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-12-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4313452788","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/menacomm57252.2022.9998267"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/menacomm57252.2022.9998267","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/menacomm57252.2022.9998267","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 4th IEEE Middle East and North Africa COMMunications Conference (MENACOMM)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/196175/1/1570866270%20final.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008568775","display_name":"Ali M. Hayajneh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4238-181X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157392197","display_name":"Hashemite University","ror":"https://ror.org/04a1r5z94","country_code":"JO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157392197"]}],"countries":["JO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ali M. Hayajneh","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Hashemite University,Faculty of Engineering,Department of Electrical Engineering,Zarqa,Jordan,13133"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Hashemite University,Faculty of Engineering,Department of Electrical Engineering,Zarqa,Jordan,13133","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157392197"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089659345","display_name":"Sami Aldalahmeh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1335-8795"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145019703","display_name":"Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan","ror":"https://ror.org/04a5b0p13","country_code":"JO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145019703"]}],"countries":["JO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sami Aldalahmeh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan,Department of Communication and Computer Engineering,Amman,Jordan","Department of Communication and Computer Engineering, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan,Department of Communication and Computer Engineering,Amman,Jordan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145019703"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Communication and Computer Engineering, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145019703"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011903629","display_name":"Syed Ali Raza Zaidi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1969-3727"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130828816","display_name":"University of Leeds","ror":"https://ror.org/024mrxd33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Syed Ali R. Zaidi","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Leeds,School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering,Leeds,U.K.,LS2 9JT"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Leeds,School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering,Leeds,U.K.,LS2 9JT","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084710654","display_name":"Des McLernon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8278-6171"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130828816","display_name":"University of Leeds","ror":"https://ror.org/024mrxd33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Des McLernon","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Leeds,School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering,Leeds,U.K.,LS2 9JT"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Leeds,School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering,Leeds,U.K.,LS2 9JT","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108828100","display_name":"Haitham Obeidollah","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157392197","display_name":"Hashemite University","ror":"https://ror.org/04a1r5z94","country_code":"JO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157392197"]}],"countries":["JO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haitham Obeidollah","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Hashemite University,Faculty of Engineering,Department of Electrical Engineering,Zarqa,Jordan,13133"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Hashemite University,Faculty of Engineering,Department of Electrical Engineering,Zarqa,Jordan,13133","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157392197"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020665143","display_name":"Rashed Alsakarnah","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145019703","display_name":"Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan","ror":"https://ror.org/04a5b0p13","country_code":"JO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145019703"]}],"countries":["JO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rashed Alsakarnah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan,Department of Communication and Computer Engineering,Amman,Jordan","Department of Communication and Computer Engineering, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan,Department of Communication and Computer Engineering,Amman,Jordan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145019703"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Communication and Computer Engineering, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145019703"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"215","last_page":"222"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12879","display_name":"Distributed Sensor Networks and Detection Algorithms","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":0.9902999997138977,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/firmware","display_name":"Firmware","score":0.8021199703216553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7911471128463745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel-state-information","display_name":"Channel state information","score":0.6482961177825928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.5902684330940247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiplexing","display_name":"Multiplexing","score":0.5274622440338135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-device","display_name":"Mobile device","score":0.484764039516449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.4822588562965393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/usability","display_name":"Usability","score":0.4484522342681885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/orthogonal-frequency-division-multiplexing","display_name":"Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing","score":0.43061238527297974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signature","display_name":"Signature (topology)","score":0.41897666454315186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.4120640754699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.3668023943901062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.1808001697063446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.15066060423851013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.11062562465667725}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67212190","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104851","display_name":"Firmware","level":2,"score":0.8021199703216553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7911471128463745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148063708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5072511","display_name":"Channel state information","level":3,"score":0.6482961177825928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.5902684330940247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19275194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q222903","display_name":"Multiplexing","level":2,"score":0.5274622440338135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186967261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5082128","display_name":"Mobile device","level":2,"score":0.484764039516449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.4822588562965393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170130773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216378","display_name":"Usability","level":2,"score":0.4484522342681885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40409654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q375889","display_name":"Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing","level":3,"score":0.43061238527297974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779696439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512811","display_name":"Signature (topology)","level":2,"score":0.41897666454315186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.4120640754699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.3668023943901062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.1808001697063446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.15066060423851013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.11062562465667725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/menacomm57252.2022.9998267","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/menacomm57252.2022.9998267","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 4th IEEE Middle East and North Africa COMMunications Conference (MENACOMM)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:196175","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":"https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/196175/1/1570866270%20final.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400854","display_name":"White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2800616092","host_organization_name":"White Rose University Consortium","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800616092"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Proceedings Paper"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:196175","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":"https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/196175/1/1570866270%20final.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400854","display_name":"White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2800616092","host_organization_name":"White Rose University Consortium","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800616092"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Proceedings Paper"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320005","display_name":"Royal Academy of Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/0526snb40"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4313452788.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":87,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2143228105","https://openalex.org/W2402281417","https://openalex.org/W2501704887","https://openalex.org/W2507908806","https://openalex.org/W2508522990","https://openalex.org/W2531174837","https://openalex.org/W2587061937","https://openalex.org/W2611241975","https://openalex.org/W2789857179","https://openalex.org/W2790688089","https://openalex.org/W2794401018","https://openalex.org/W2801452954","https://openalex.org/W2807582929","https://openalex.org/W2810809304","https://openalex.org/W2835408549","https://openalex.org/W2891312406","https://openalex.org/W2896542121","https://openalex.org/W2897132279","https://openalex.org/W2901996608","https://openalex.org/W2916538116","https://openalex.org/W2917196819","https://openalex.org/W2918555348","https://openalex.org/W2923645141","https://openalex.org/W2938652275","https://openalex.org/W2944661854","https://openalex.org/W2951134007","https://openalex.org/W2951555353","https://openalex.org/W2952065976","https://openalex.org/W2962319395","https://openalex.org/W2963318982","https://openalex.org/W2964532096","https://openalex.org/W2977754667","https://openalex.org/W2979773572","https://openalex.org/W2979842886","https://openalex.org/W2980021985","https://openalex.org/W2982661692","https://openalex.org/W2989949138","https://openalex.org/W2991570458","https://openalex.org/W2995761730","https://openalex.org/W3000482555","https://openalex.org/W3006071891","https://openalex.org/W3009116081","https://openalex.org/W3010070883","https://openalex.org/W3010426126","https://openalex.org/W3016916384","https://openalex.org/W3026090222","https://openalex.org/W3038116752","https://openalex.org/W3044435353","https://openalex.org/W3081141044","https://openalex.org/W3083475243","https://openalex.org/W3085320176","https://openalex.org/W3085959113","https://openalex.org/W3091434185","https://openalex.org/W3100273368","https://openalex.org/W3103144676","https://openalex.org/W3105987688","https://openalex.org/W3126121953","https://openalex.org/W3128745853","https://openalex.org/W3128989612","https://openalex.org/W3133166271","https://openalex.org/W3134998638","https://openalex.org/W3142631014","https://openalex.org/W3150529520","https://openalex.org/W3153065290","https://openalex.org/W3161955938","https://openalex.org/W3167312175","https://openalex.org/W3186182689","https://openalex.org/W3187579496","https://openalex.org/W3191657183","https://openalex.org/W3203016574","https://openalex.org/W3215411489","https://openalex.org/W4210685354","https://openalex.org/W4211127735","https://openalex.org/W4220896090","https://openalex.org/W4221151021","https://openalex.org/W4283314627","https://openalex.org/W4285299577","https://openalex.org/W4285299790","https://openalex.org/W4285328000","https://openalex.org/W4290994977","https://openalex.org/W4291653512","https://openalex.org/W4292764353","https://openalex.org/W4296079341","https://openalex.org/W4297032622","https://openalex.org/W4301184595","https://openalex.org/W6810206674","https://openalex.org/W6838917482"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2582981600","https://openalex.org/W4389238932","https://openalex.org/W4387467152","https://openalex.org/W3010413952","https://openalex.org/W4212885212","https://openalex.org/W4379115910","https://openalex.org/W4287635472","https://openalex.org/W4253989935","https://openalex.org/W2810560948","https://openalex.org/W2101042359"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,73,140,193],"channel":[1,21],"state":[2],"information":[3],"(CSI)":[4],"of":[5,30,62,102,105,143,149,163,175,186,196,224,232],"the":[6,24,31,45,50,76,83,119,147,154,161,222,230],"sub-carriers":[7],"employed":[8,18],"in":[9,44,112,137],"orthogonal":[10],"frequency":[11],"division":[12],"multiplexing":[13],"(OFDM)":[14],"systems":[15],"has":[16],"been":[17,110],"traditionally":[19],"for":[20,41,100,122,160,221],"equalisation.":[22],"However,":[23],"CSI":[25,51,80],"intrinsically":[26],"is":[27,86,116,201],"a":[28,39,97,215,236],"signature":[29,79,173],"operational":[32,46],"RF":[33,172],"environment":[34],"and":[35,56,82,127,146,190,203,207,218],"can":[36,58,95],"serve":[37],"as":[38],"proxy":[40],"certain":[42],"activities":[43,77],"environment.":[47],"For":[48],"instance,":[49],"gets":[52],"influenced":[53],"by":[54],"scatterers":[55,65,71],"therefore":[57],"be":[59,135],"an":[60],"indicator":[61],"how":[63],"many":[64],"or":[66,181],"if":[67],"there":[68],"are":[69,131],"mobile":[70],"etc.":[72],"mapping":[74],"between":[75],"whose":[78],"encodes":[81],"raw":[84],"data":[85],"not":[87],"deterministic.":[88],"Nevertheless,":[89],"machine":[90],"learning":[91],"(ML)":[92],"based":[93],"approaches":[94,107,234],"provide":[96,184],"reliable":[98],"classification":[99],"patterns":[101],"life.":[103],"Most":[104],"these":[106,164,233],"have":[108],"only":[109],"implemented":[111,136],"lab":[113],"environments.":[114],"This":[115],"mainly":[117],"because":[118],"hardware":[120],"requirements":[121],"capturing":[123],"CSI,":[124],"processing":[125],"it":[126],"performing":[128],"signal-processing":[129],"algorithms":[130],"too":[132],"complex":[133,202],"to":[134],"commercial":[138,169],"devices.":[139,170],"increased":[141],"proliferation":[142],"IoT":[144],"sensors":[145],"development":[148],"edge-based":[150],"ML":[151,208],"capabilities":[152],"using":[153,235],"TinyML":[155],"framework":[156],"opens":[157],"up":[158],"possibilities":[159],"implementation":[162,223],"techniques":[165],"at":[166],"scale":[167],"on":[168],"Using":[171],"instead":[174],"more":[176],"invasive":[177],"methods":[178],"e.g.":[179],"cameras":[180],"wearable":[182],"devices":[183],"ease":[185],"deployment,":[187],"intrinsic":[188],"privacy":[189],"better":[191],"usability.":[192],"design":[194],"space":[195],"device-free":[197],"wireless":[198],"sensing":[199],"(DFWS)":[200],"involves":[204],"device,":[205],"firmware":[206],"considerations.":[209],"In":[210],"this":[211],"article,":[212],"we":[213],"present":[214],"comprehensive":[216],"overview":[217],"key":[219],"considerations":[220],"such":[225],"solutions.":[226],"We":[227],"also":[228],"demonstrate":[229],"viability":[231],"simple":[237],"case":[238],"study.":[239]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}