{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412171147","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/memea65319.2025.11068038","title":"Radar-Based Deep Learning for Gait Smoothness Estimation: A Feasibility Study","display_name":"Radar-Based Deep Learning for Gait Smoothness Estimation: A Feasibility Study","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-05-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412171147","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/memea65319.2025.11068038"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/memea65319.2025.11068038","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/memea65319.2025.11068038","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE Medical Measurements &amp;amp; Applications (MeMeA)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029807358","display_name":"Paolo Brasiliano","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2545-3930"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I210167222","display_name":"Foro Italico University of Rome","ror":"https://ror.org/03j4zvd18","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I210167222"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Paolo Brasiliano","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Rome &#x201C;Foro Italico&#x201D;,Department of Motor, Human and Health Sciences,Rome,Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Rome &#x201C;Foro Italico&#x201D;,Department of Motor, Human and Health Sciences,Rome,Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I210167222"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5099076254","display_name":"Fabrizio Lorenzo Carcione","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7479-7205"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I112862951","display_name":"University of Messina","ror":"https://ror.org/05ctdxz19","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I112862951"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fabrizio Lorenzo Carcione","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Messina,Department of Engineering,Messina,Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Messina,Department of Engineering,Messina,Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I112862951"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065267379","display_name":"Gaspare Pavei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0109-4964"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189158943","display_name":"University of Milan","ror":"https://ror.org/00wjc7c48","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189158943"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gaspare Pavei","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Milan,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation,Milan,Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Milan,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation,Milan,Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189158943"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048483195","display_name":"Emanuele Cardillo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2678-6529"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I112862951","display_name":"University of Messina","ror":"https://ror.org/05ctdxz19","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I112862951"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emanuele Cardillo","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Messina,Department of Engineering,Messina,Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Messina,Department of Engineering,Messina,Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I112862951"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014943830","display_name":"Elena Bergamini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9055-3981"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11039511","display_name":"University of Bergamo","ror":"https://ror.org/02mbd5571","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11039511"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elena Bergamini","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Bergamo,Department of Management, Information and Production Engineering,Bergamo,Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Bergamo,Department of Management, Information and Production Engineering,Bergamo,Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11039511"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5029807358"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I210167222"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6954,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.71779664,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12740","display_name":"Gait Recognition and Analysis","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12740","display_name":"Gait Recognition and Analysis","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.9898999929428101,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6050073504447937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smoothness","display_name":"Smoothness","score":0.5924519896507263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5456094145774841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5276663899421692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gait","display_name":"Gait","score":0.5048104524612427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimation","display_name":"Estimation","score":0.5001034736633301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.4923175573348999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.38968807458877563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-medicine-and-rehabilitation","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","score":0.194204181432724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.1731112003326416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.16205823421478271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.10318267345428467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.07643386721611023}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6050073504447937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102634674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q868473","display_name":"Smoothness","level":2,"score":0.5924519896507263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5456094145774841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5276663899421692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151800584","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2370000","display_name":"Gait","level":2,"score":0.5048104524612427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96250715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q965330","display_name":"Estimation","level":2,"score":0.5001034736633301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.4923175573348999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.38968807458877563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99508421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2678675","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","level":1,"score":0.194204181432724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.1731112003326416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.16205823421478271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.10318267345428467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.07643386721611023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/memea65319.2025.11068038","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/memea65319.2025.11068038","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE Medical Measurements &amp;amp; Applications (MeMeA)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:aisberg.unibg.it:10446/310525","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10446/310525","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196347","display_name":"Aisberg (University of Bergamo)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I11039511","host_organization_name":"University of Bergamo","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11039511"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1885639605","https://openalex.org/W1956636948","https://openalex.org/W2044039921","https://openalex.org/W2069933153","https://openalex.org/W2090920548","https://openalex.org/W2097919178","https://openalex.org/W2118946041","https://openalex.org/W2128123720","https://openalex.org/W2140280613","https://openalex.org/W2191886813","https://openalex.org/W2591885175","https://openalex.org/W2776323282","https://openalex.org/W2886935830","https://openalex.org/W2954377489","https://openalex.org/W2978306597","https://openalex.org/W3024958057","https://openalex.org/W3164342146","https://openalex.org/W3210728964","https://openalex.org/W4385450889","https://openalex.org/W4394715581","https://openalex.org/W4401812209","https://openalex.org/W4407706770"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2393022482","https://openalex.org/W2377346130","https://openalex.org/W2361092061","https://openalex.org/W2319775965","https://openalex.org/W2357314690","https://openalex.org/W2191886813","https://openalex.org/W1986317414","https://openalex.org/W2795976185","https://openalex.org/W2163394011","https://openalex.org/W2353606679"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1],"investigates":[2],"the":[3,95,161,236],"feasibility":[4],"of":[5,57,135],"using":[6,88],"radar-based":[7,176,251],"deep":[8,177,224],"learning":[9,178,225],"models":[10,146],"to":[11,120,238],"estimate":[12,181],"gait":[13,27,182,197,215,262],"smoothness,":[14,183],"a":[15,49,68,129,256],"key":[16],"biomechanical":[17],"parameter":[18],"associated":[19],"with":[20,128,241],"motor":[21],"control":[22],"and":[23,35,76,107,138,143,189,199,234,267],"rehabilitation":[24,200],"outcomes.":[25],"Traditional":[26],"assessment":[28,198],"methods,":[29],"such":[30,227],"as":[31,94,228],"optoelectronic":[32,90],"motion":[33],"capture":[34],"wearable":[36],"sensors,":[37],"are":[38],"often":[39],"costly,":[40],"intrusive,":[41],"or":[42,231,243],"require":[43],"controlled":[44],"environments.":[45],"Radar-based":[46],"approaches":[47],"offer":[48],"promising":[50,203],"alternative":[51],"by":[52],"enabling":[53],"contactless,":[54],"continuous":[55],"monitoring":[56],"human":[58],"movement.":[59],"In":[60],"this":[61],"study,":[62],"sixty":[63],"healthy":[64],"participants":[65],"walked":[66],"on":[67],"treadmill":[69],"at":[70,164,185,211],"three":[71],"different":[72],"speeds":[73,213],"(2,":[74],"4,":[75],"6":[77,165],"km/h)":[78],"while":[79],"their":[80],"three-dimensional":[81],"body":[82],"center-of-mass":[83],"(BCoM)":[84],"velocity":[85],"was":[86],"recorded":[87],"an":[89],"system,":[91],"which":[92],"served":[93],"ground":[96],"truth":[97],"for":[98,132,160,192,260],"smoothness":[99,123,252],"estimation.":[100],"Simultaneously,":[101],"micro-Doppler":[102],"radar":[103],"signals":[104],"were":[105,118],"acquired":[106],"processed":[108],"into":[109],"spectrograms":[110],"representing":[111],"movement":[112,139],"dynamics.":[113],"Nine":[114],"convolutional":[115],"neural":[116],"networks":[117,230],"trained":[119],"predict":[121],"BCoM":[122],"from":[124],"radar-derived":[125],"decibel-intensity":[126],"matrices,":[127],"dedicated":[130],"model":[131,208],"each":[133],"combination":[134],"walking":[136,187],"speed":[137],"component":[140,163],"(anteroposterior,":[141],"mediolateral,":[142],"craniocaudal).":[144],"The":[145],"achieved":[147],"mean":[148],"absolute":[149],"percentage":[150],"errors":[151],"below":[152],"10<sup":[153],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[154],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">%</sup>":[155],"in":[156,195,248,264],"most":[157],"conditions,":[158,250],"except":[159],"anteroposterior":[162],"km/h,":[166],"where":[167,214],"error":[168],"rates":[169],"reached":[170],"14.4%.":[171],"These":[172],"findings":[173],"suggest":[174],"that":[175],"can":[179],"effectively":[180],"particularly":[184],"lower":[186],"speeds,":[188],"holds":[190],"potential":[191],"real-world":[193],"applications":[194],"clinical":[196,239,266],"monitoring.":[201],"Despite":[202],"results,":[204],"challenges":[205],"remain":[206],"regarding":[207],"generalization,":[209],"especially":[210],"higher":[212],"variability":[216],"increases.":[217],"Future":[218],"research":[219],"should":[220],"explore":[221],"more":[222],"advanced":[223],"architectures,":[226],"residual":[229],"attention-based":[232],"models,":[233],"extend":[235],"approach":[237],"populations":[240],"neurological":[242],"musculoskeletal":[244],"disorders.":[245],"If":[246],"validated":[247],"diverse":[249],"estimation":[253],"could":[254],"provide":[255],"novel,":[257],"unobtrusive":[258],"tool":[259],"assessing":[261],"quality":[263],"both":[265],"everyday":[268],"settings.":[269]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}