{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4309616586","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/meditcom55741.2022.9928766","title":"An Unsupervised Machine Learning Approach for IoT Device Categorization","display_name":"An Unsupervised Machine Learning Approach for IoT Device Categorization","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-09-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4309616586","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/meditcom55741.2022.9928766"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/meditcom55741.2022.9928766","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/meditcom55741.2022.9928766","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 IEEE International Mediterranean Conference on Communications and Networking (MeditCom)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MeditCom55741.2022.9928766","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070834193","display_name":"Faical Sawadogo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9736820","display_name":"\u00c9cole de Technologie Sup\u00e9rieure","ror":"https://ror.org/0020snb74","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I49663120","https://openalex.org/I9736820"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Faical Sawadogo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ecole de technologie supérieure,Department of Software and IT Engineering,Montreal,Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ecole de technologie supérieure,Department of Software and IT Engineering,Montreal,Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9736820"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019325599","display_name":"John Violos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4219-3915"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9736820","display_name":"\u00c9cole de Technologie Sup\u00e9rieure","ror":"https://ror.org/0020snb74","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I49663120","https://openalex.org/I9736820"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John Violos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ecole de technologie supérieure,Department of Software and IT Engineering,Montreal,Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ecole de technologie supérieure,Department of Software and IT Engineering,Montreal,Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9736820"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042485661","display_name":"Aroosa Hameed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-1332-7778"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9736820","display_name":"\u00c9cole de Technologie Sup\u00e9rieure","ror":"https://ror.org/0020snb74","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I49663120","https://openalex.org/I9736820"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aroosa Hameed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ecole de technologie supérieure,Department of Software and IT Engineering,Montreal,Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ecole de technologie supérieure,Department of Software and IT Engineering,Montreal,Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9736820"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003789929","display_name":"Aris Leivadeas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2996-6824"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9736820","display_name":"\u00c9cole de Technologie Sup\u00e9rieure","ror":"https://ror.org/0020snb74","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I49663120","https://openalex.org/I9736820"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aris Leivadeas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ecole de technologie supérieure,Department of Software and IT Engineering,Montreal,Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ecole de technologie supérieure,Department of Software and IT Engineering,Montreal,Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9736820"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5070834193"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9736820"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8562,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.75349606,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"25","last_page":"30"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9955000281333923,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9796000123023987,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8458675146102905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/categorization","display_name":"Categorization","score":0.8332738876342773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.6954653263092041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unsupervised-learning","display_name":"Unsupervised learning","score":0.6277495622634888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.6124097108840942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.5835364460945129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.5819138884544373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.57845538854599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supervised-learning","display_name":"Supervised learning","score":0.4149152934551239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.23580318689346313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.13382557034492493}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8458675146102905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94124525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q912550","display_name":"Categorization","level":2,"score":0.8332738876342773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.6954653263092041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8038995","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1152135","display_name":"Unsupervised learning","level":2,"score":0.6277495622634888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.6124097108840942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5835364460945129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.5819138884544373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.57845538854599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136389625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334384","display_name":"Supervised learning","level":3,"score":0.4149152934551239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.23580318689346313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.13382557034492493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/meditcom55741.2022.9928766","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/meditcom55741.2022.9928766","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 IEEE International Mediterranean Conference on Communications and Networking (MeditCom)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:espace2.etsmtl.ca:26046","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://espace2.etsmtl.ca/id/eprint/26046/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402392","display_name":"Espace \u00c9TS (ETS)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1341030882","host_organization_name":"Educational Testing Service","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341030882"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Compte rendu de conf\u00e9rence"},{"id":"pmh:oai:zenodo.org:7343490","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MeditCom55741.2022.9928766","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferencePaper"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:zenodo.org:7343490","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MeditCom55741.2022.9928766","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferencePaper"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7400000095367432,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3148060700","https://openalex.org/W3080681248","https://openalex.org/W4376646226","https://openalex.org/W4287685660","https://openalex.org/W2057778272","https://openalex.org/W3047177827","https://openalex.org/W4319302697","https://openalex.org/W2986085304","https://openalex.org/W143775194","https://openalex.org/W2163389298"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Internet":[0],"of":[1,19,35,40,62,79,88,101,157,209],"Things":[2],"(IoT)":[3],"along":[4],"with":[5,169],"the":[6,9,17,38,41,77,83,89,95,98,102,128,137,147,155,190,193,207,213],"advances":[7],"in":[8,122,195],"recently":[10],"emerged":[11],"Edge":[12],"Computing":[13],"environment,":[14],"have":[15],"allowed":[16],"introduction":[18],"new":[20,60,170],"and":[21,48,97,105,116,171,192],"very":[22],"diverse":[23],"applications":[24],"that":[25,44,141,205],"can":[26,106],"facilitate":[27],"our":[28,163,183],"everyday":[29],"life.":[30],"However,":[31],"one":[32],"intrinsic":[33],"characteristic":[34],"IoT":[36,42,63,90,103,138,175,214],"is":[37,92],"heterogeneity":[39],"devices":[43,64,91],"are":[45,65],"continuously":[46],"connected":[47],"disconnected,":[49],"creating":[50],"a":[51,69,196],"highly":[52],"volatile":[53],"communication":[54],"environment.":[55],"In":[56],"addition":[57],"to":[58,76],"that,":[59],"types":[61],"constantly":[66],"manufactured":[67],"making":[68,100],"supervised":[70],"categorization":[71,140,216],"approach":[72,184],"not":[73,172],"applicable":[74],"due":[75],"lack":[78],"historical":[80],"data.":[81],"Nonetheless,":[82],"classification":[84],"or":[85],"type":[86],"identification":[87],"important":[93],"for":[94,109,127,136,212],"management":[96],"decision":[99],"applications,":[104],"be":[107],"used":[108],"traffic":[110,143],"characterization,":[111],"density":[112],"prediction,":[113],"network":[114,148],"planning":[115],"security":[117],"reasons":[118],"among":[119],"others.":[120],"Accordingly,":[121],"this":[123,151],"paper":[124],"we":[125,153,180],"propose":[126],"first":[129],"time":[130],"an":[131,159],"unsupervised":[132,210],"machine":[133],"learning":[134],"methodology":[135],"device":[139,215],"leverages":[142],"characteristics":[144],"obtained":[145],"at":[146],"level.":[149],"To":[150,177],"end,":[152],"tackle":[154],"limitation":[156],"requiring":[158],"annotated":[160],"dataset,":[161],"while":[162],"model":[164],"could":[165],"also":[166],"work":[167],"efficiently":[168],"previously":[173],"detected":[174],"devices.":[176],"do":[178],"so,":[179],"experimentally":[181],"evaluate":[182],"using":[185],"two":[186],"clustering":[187],"algorithms":[188],"namely,":[189],"K-Means":[191],"BIRCH":[194],"real":[197],"dataset.":[198],"The":[199],"experimental":[200],"evaluation":[201],"presents":[202],"promising":[203],"results":[204],"enhance":[206],"applicability":[208],"approaches":[211],"problem.":[217]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}