{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413018433","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/medcomnet65822.2025.11103548","title":"Exploiting LoRaWAN Downlinks for Covert Device-to-Device Communication","display_name":"Exploiting LoRaWAN Downlinks for Covert Device-to-Device Communication","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413018433","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/medcomnet65822.2025.11103548"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/medcomnet65822.2025.11103548","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/medcomnet65822.2025.11103548","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 23rd Mediterranean Communication and Computer Networking Conference (MedComNet)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043668931","display_name":"Pietro Spadaccino","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5920-680X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099310","display_name":"Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Telecomunicazioni","ror":"https://ror.org/0182a5n39","country_code":"IT","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099310"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Pietro Spadaccino","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sapienza University of Rome, Italy CNIT, Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Telecomunicazioni,Department of Information Engineering, Electronics and Telecommunications,Parma,Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sapienza University of Rome, Italy CNIT, Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Telecomunicazioni,Department of Information Engineering, Electronics and Telecommunications,Parma,Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099310"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002819480","display_name":"Pierluigi Locatelli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7084-7923"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099310","display_name":"Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Telecomunicazioni","ror":"https://ror.org/0182a5n39","country_code":"IT","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099310"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pierluigi Locatelli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sapienza University of Rome, Italy CNIT, Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Telecomunicazioni,Department of Information Engineering, Electronics and Telecommunications,Parma,Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sapienza University of Rome, Italy CNIT, Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Telecomunicazioni,Department of Information Engineering, Electronics and Telecommunications,Parma,Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099310"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022341678","display_name":"Francesca Cuomo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9122-7993"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099310","display_name":"Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Telecomunicazioni","ror":"https://ror.org/0182a5n39","country_code":"IT","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099310"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francesca Cuomo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sapienza University of Rome, Italy CNIT, Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Telecomunicazioni,Department of Information Engineering, Electronics and Telecommunications,Parma,Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sapienza University of Rome, Italy CNIT, Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Telecomunicazioni,Department of Information Engineering, Electronics and Telecommunications,Parma,Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099310"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5043668931"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099310"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.22859224,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12079","display_name":"IoT Networks and Protocols","score":0.9925000071525574,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12079","display_name":"IoT Networks and Protocols","score":0.9925000071525574,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11932","display_name":"Wireless Body Area Networks","score":0.9833999872207642,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9789999723434448,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6876523494720459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covert","display_name":"Covert","score":0.5719977617263794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.33240288496017456}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6876523494720459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779338814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5179285","display_name":"Covert","level":2,"score":0.5719977617263794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.33240288496017456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/medcomnet65822.2025.11103548","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/medcomnet65822.2025.11103548","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 23rd Mediterranean Communication and Computer Networking Conference (MedComNet)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.uniroma1.it:11573/1756021","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11573/1756021","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196107","display_name":"IRIS Research product catalog (Sapienza University of Rome)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G679135132","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"B53C22004050001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W3013785953","https://openalex.org/W3037827592","https://openalex.org/W3095729894","https://openalex.org/W4210772124","https://openalex.org/W4224234761","https://openalex.org/W4296118025","https://openalex.org/W4309118541","https://openalex.org/W4376455422","https://openalex.org/W4389161259","https://openalex.org/W4401359603"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2523525694","https://openalex.org/W2998642566","https://openalex.org/W2392682561","https://openalex.org/W57793151","https://openalex.org/W2804882289","https://openalex.org/W2727423897","https://openalex.org/W2497612952"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"LoRaWAN":[0,148],"has":[1],"become":[2],"the":[3,14,35,66,107,134],"de-facto":[4],"standard":[5],"for":[6],"low-power,":[7],"low-data-rate,":[8],"and":[9,26,115,125,140],"long-range":[10],"IoT":[11],"communications.":[12],"Over":[13],"years,":[15],"its":[16],"security":[17],"mechanisms":[18],"have":[19],"undergone":[20],"rigorous":[21],"analysis":[22],"by":[23],"both":[24],"academia":[25],"industry,":[27],"leading":[28],"to":[29,74,78,123,146],"mitigations":[30],"of":[31,106,137],"known":[32],"vulnerabilities.":[33],"While":[34],"latest":[36],"LoRaWan":[37],"specifications":[38],"are":[39],"considered":[40],"secure,":[41],"potential":[42],"attack":[43],"vectors":[44],"still":[45],"exist.":[46],"In":[47],"this":[48,138],"paper,":[49],"we":[50],"consider":[51],"a":[52,87,94,120],"scenario":[53],"where":[54],"two":[55],"devices":[56,149],"from":[57],"different":[58],"networks":[59],"covertly":[60],"exchange":[61,102],"data":[62,101],"without":[63],"passing":[64],"through":[65,103],"Network":[67],"Server.":[68],"Such":[69],"communication":[70,97,110],"may":[71],"be":[72],"used":[73],"signal":[75],"specific":[76],"events":[77],"an":[79],"attacker":[80],"or":[81],"silently":[82],"exfiltrate":[83],"information.":[84],"We":[85,132],"identify":[86],"new":[88],"vulnerability":[89],"that,":[90],"if":[91],"exploited,":[92],"enables":[93],"side-channel":[95],"covert":[96],"scheme":[98,111,139],"allowing":[99,119],"device-to-device":[100],"partial":[104],"control":[105],"downlink.":[108],"The":[109],"leverages":[112],"MAC":[113],"commands":[114],"Spreading":[116],"Factor":[117],"selection,":[118],"third-party":[121],"receiver":[122],"intercept":[124],"decode":[126],"information":[127],"despite":[128],"lacking":[129],"cryptographic":[130],"keys.":[131],"evaluate":[133],"achievable":[135],"throughput":[136],"demonstrate":[141],"that":[142],"it":[143],"is":[144],"comparable":[145],"typical":[147],"operations.":[150]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}