{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412446639","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/med64031.2025.11073522","title":"A Kernel PCA-Based Ensemble Deep Learning Approach for Foveal Avascular Zone Classification","display_name":"A Kernel PCA-Based Ensemble Deep Learning Approach for Foveal Avascular Zone Classification","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412446639","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/med64031.2025.11073522"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/med64031.2025.11073522","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/med64031.2025.11073522","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 33rd Mediterranean Conference on Control and Automation (MED)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039526371","display_name":"STEFAN D. MIRON","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3122748864","display_name":"\"Dunarea de Jos\" University of Galati","ror":"https://ror.org/052sta926","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3122748864"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Stefan Miron","raw_affiliation_strings":["\"Dunarea de Jos\" University of Galati,Faculty of Automation, Computers, Electrical, Engineering and Electronics,Department of Automatic,Romania"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"\"Dunarea de Jos\" University of Galati,Faculty of Automation, Computers, Electrical, Engineering and Electronics,Department of Automatic,Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3122748864"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082973301","display_name":"Simona Moldovanu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5934-329X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3122748864","display_name":"\"Dunarea de Jos\" University of Galati","ror":"https://ror.org/052sta926","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3122748864"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Simona Moldovanu","raw_affiliation_strings":["\"Dunărea de Jos\" University of Galati,Computer Science and Information Technology, Faculty of Automation, Computers, Electrical Engineering and Electronics"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"\"Dunărea de Jos\" University of Galati,Computer Science and Information Technology, Faculty of Automation, Computers, Electrical Engineering and Electronics","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3122748864"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014125908","display_name":"Mihaela Miron","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4536-1574"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3122748864","display_name":"\"Dunarea de Jos\" University of Galati","ror":"https://ror.org/052sta926","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3122748864"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mihaela Miron","raw_affiliation_strings":["\"Dunărea de Jos\" University of Galati,Computer Science and Information Technology, Faculty of Automation, Computers, Electrical Engineering and Electronics"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"\"Dunărea de Jos\" University of Galati,Computer Science and Information Technology, Faculty of Automation, Computers, Electrical Engineering and Electronics","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3122748864"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028691880","display_name":"Marian Barbu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6645-3705"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3122748864","display_name":"\"Dunarea de Jos\" University of Galati","ror":"https://ror.org/052sta926","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3122748864"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marian Barbu","raw_affiliation_strings":["\"Dunarea de Jos\" University of Galati,Faculty of Automation, Computers, Electrical, Engineering and Electronics,Department of Automatic,Romania"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"\"Dunarea de Jos\" University of Galati,Faculty of Automation, Computers, Electrical, Engineering and Electronics,Department of Automatic,Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3122748864"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5039526371"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3122748864"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.32262601,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"191","last_page":"196"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10250","display_name":"Glaucoma and retinal disorders","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10250","display_name":"Glaucoma and retinal disorders","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":0.9940000176429749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12874","display_name":"Digital Imaging for Blood Diseases","score":0.901199996471405,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/foveal-avascular-zone","display_name":"Foveal avascular zone","score":0.7329729795455933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6908707618713379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/foveal","display_name":"Foveal","score":0.6725123524665833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6423930525779724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kernel","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","score":0.5347059965133667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4081742465496063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-coherence-tomography","display_name":"Optical coherence tomography","score":0.1069781482219696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.10449916124343872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.07794424891471863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ophthalmology","display_name":"Ophthalmology","score":0.07709333300590515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.07408386468887329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retinal","display_name":"Retinal","score":0.06968411803245544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.05248814821243286}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777655287","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28455839","display_name":"Foveal avascular zone","level":4,"score":0.7329729795455933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6908707618713379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30181142","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865103","display_name":"Foveal","level":3,"score":0.6725123524665833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6423930525779724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74193536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574844","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.5347059965133667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4081742465496063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778818243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899552","display_name":"Optical coherence tomography","level":2,"score":0.1069781482219696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.10449916124343872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.07794424891471863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118487528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161437","display_name":"Ophthalmology","level":1,"score":0.07709333300590515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.07408386468887329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780827179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422001","display_name":"Retinal","level":2,"score":0.06968411803245544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.05248814821243286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2985858981","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60760969","display_name":"Optical coherence tomography angiography","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/med64031.2025.11073522","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/med64031.2025.11073522","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 33rd Mediterranean Conference on Control and Automation (MED)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2263495255","https://openalex.org/W2557738935","https://openalex.org/W3008798962","https://openalex.org/W3013935260","https://openalex.org/W3015711121","https://openalex.org/W3138785910","https://openalex.org/W3191531564","https://openalex.org/W3203049650","https://openalex.org/W3214725446","https://openalex.org/W4200446701","https://openalex.org/W4210281351","https://openalex.org/W4293812268","https://openalex.org/W4365483408","https://openalex.org/W4378678469","https://openalex.org/W4385459187","https://openalex.org/W4391679010","https://openalex.org/W4396585666","https://openalex.org/W4404593459","https://openalex.org/W4404756082"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1972093821","https://openalex.org/W3110669631","https://openalex.org/W2900565020","https://openalex.org/W3036070440","https://openalex.org/W1038872992","https://openalex.org/W2032289033","https://openalex.org/W4248976795","https://openalex.org/W2989990206","https://openalex.org/W2094935827","https://openalex.org/W2033914206"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Accurate":[0],"classification":[1,172],"of":[2,22,57,79,97,135,141,148],"foveal":[3],"avascular":[4],"zone":[5],"(FAZ)":[6],"from":[7,65],"optical":[8],"coherence":[9],"tomography":[10],"angiography":[11],"(OCTA)":[12],"images":[13],"is":[14,84,102],"critical":[15],"for":[16,45],"the":[17,55,125,146,163],"early":[18],"detection":[19],"and":[20,29,60,72,119,137,174,181],"management":[21],"retinal":[23,187],"pathologies":[24],"such":[25],"as":[26],"diabetic":[27,118],"retinopathy":[28],"myopia.":[30],"In":[31],"this":[32,98],"study,":[33],"we":[34],"propose":[35],"a":[36,91,104,107,132,138],"Kernel":[37,150],"Principal":[38],"Component":[39],"Analysis":[40],"(KPCA)":[41],"deep":[42,63,105],"ensemble":[43,153],"approach":[44,168],"classifying":[46],"FAZ":[47,80,164],"in":[48,155,186],"OCTA":[49],"images.":[50],"Our":[51],"framework":[52],"first":[53],"extracts":[54],"regions":[56],"interests":[58],"(ROIs)":[59],"then":[61],"generates":[62],"features":[64,89],"multiple":[66],"pre-trained":[67],"models":[68],"(ResNet50,":[69],"VGG16,":[70],"EfficientNetB0":[71],"DenseNet201)":[73],"to":[74,86,114],"capture":[75],"diverse,":[76],"high-level":[77],"representations":[78],"regions.":[81],"Then,":[82],"KPCA":[83],"used":[85],"fuse":[87],"these":[88],"into":[90],"compact,":[92],"non-linear":[93],"representation.":[94],"On":[95],"top":[96],"fused":[99],"feature":[100],"set,":[101],"build":[103],"classifier,":[106],"fully":[108],"connected":[109],"feedforward":[110],"neural":[111],"network":[112],"(FFN),":[113],"differentiate":[115],"among":[116],"normal,":[117],"myopic":[120],"conditions.":[121],"Experimental":[122],"results":[123,144],"on":[124],"FAZID":[126],"dataset":[127],"demonstrate":[128],"outstanding":[129],"performance,":[130],"with":[131,152],"training":[133],"accuracy":[134,140,173],"98.58%":[136],"test":[139],"98.36%.":[142],"These":[143],"highlight":[145],"effectiveness":[147],"combining":[149],"PCA":[151],"learning":[154],"capturing":[156],"subtle":[157],"yet":[158],"clinically":[159],"significant":[160],"variations":[161],"within":[162],"region.":[165],"The":[166],"proposed":[167],"not":[169],"only":[170],"enhances":[171],"generalization":[175],"but":[176],"also":[177],"supports":[178],"more":[179],"reliable":[180],"automated":[182],"clinical":[183],"decision":[184],"support":[185],"diagnostics.":[188]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}