{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412446355","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/med64031.2025.11073518","title":"Hierarchical Energy Management for Load Shifting in Bidirectional Charging Hubs","display_name":"Hierarchical Energy Management for Load Shifting in Bidirectional Charging Hubs","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412446355","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/med64031.2025.11073518"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/med64031.2025.11073518","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/med64031.2025.11073518","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 33rd Mediterranean Conference on Control and Automation (MED)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052540369","display_name":"Behzad Heydaryan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153267046","display_name":"University of Kaiserslautern","ror":"https://ror.org/04zrf7b53","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153267046"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Behzad Heydaryan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rheinland-Pfälzische Technische Universität,Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering,Kaiserslautern,Germany,67663"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rheinland-Pfälzische Technische Universität,Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering,Kaiserslautern,Germany,67663","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153267046"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033668390","display_name":"Mohammad Al Khatib","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153267046","display_name":"University of Kaiserslautern","ror":"https://ror.org/04zrf7b53","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153267046"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Al Khatib","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rheinland-Pfälzische Technische Universität,Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering,Kaiserslautern,Germany,67663"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rheinland-Pfälzische Technische Universität,Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering,Kaiserslautern,Germany,67663","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153267046"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076974853","display_name":"Naim Baj\u00e7inca","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1660-4859"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153267046","display_name":"University of Kaiserslautern","ror":"https://ror.org/04zrf7b53","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153267046"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Naim Bajcinca","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rheinland-Pfälzische Technische Universität,Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering,Kaiserslautern,Germany,67663"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rheinland-Pfälzische Technische Universität,Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering,Kaiserslautern,Germany,67663","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153267046"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5052540369"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153267046"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.21761908,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"441","last_page":"446"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10663","display_name":"Advanced Battery Technologies Research","score":0.9713000059127808,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10663","display_name":"Advanced Battery Technologies Research","score":0.9713000059127808,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14444","display_name":"Power Systems and Renewable Energy","score":0.9625999927520752,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2102","display_name":"Energy Engineering and Power Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10175","display_name":"Advanced DC-DC Converters","score":0.9448000192642212,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.586046576499939},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-management","display_name":"Energy management","score":0.5245975852012634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/load-management","display_name":"Load management","score":0.4778546988964081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/load-balancing","display_name":"Load balancing (electrical power)","score":0.41903817653656006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.37168657779693604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.32442474365234375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.20993578433990479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.13946539163589478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.11249551177024841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.1050366759300232}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.586046576499939},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7817414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779504","display_name":"Energy management","level":3,"score":0.5245975852012634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779370713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q357554","display_name":"Load management","level":2,"score":0.4778546988964081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138959212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1806783","display_name":"Load balancing (electrical power)","level":3,"score":0.41903817653656006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.37168657779693604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.32442474365234375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.20993578433990479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.13946539163589478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.11249551177024841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.1050366759300232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/med64031.2025.11073518","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/med64031.2025.11073518","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 33rd Mediterranean Conference on Control and Automation (MED)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8700000047683716}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1991923258","https://openalex.org/W2788823547","https://openalex.org/W2906121753","https://openalex.org/W2994643897","https://openalex.org/W3111492021","https://openalex.org/W3195790078","https://openalex.org/W4206532851","https://openalex.org/W4211096738","https://openalex.org/W4241456558","https://openalex.org/W4386134653","https://openalex.org/W4398228774","https://openalex.org/W4399974891","https://openalex.org/W4400075988","https://openalex.org/W4400944384","https://openalex.org/W4402694125","https://openalex.org/W4402900882"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3175372827","https://openalex.org/W2488220206","https://openalex.org/W2146301767","https://openalex.org/W191730236","https://openalex.org/W4384948837","https://openalex.org/W4312680855","https://openalex.org/W3191990038","https://openalex.org/W1524016490","https://openalex.org/W2043284556","https://openalex.org/W3004117068"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,141],"increasing":[1],"integration":[2],"of":[3,118,197],"electric":[4],"vehicles":[5],"(EVs)":[6],"into":[7],"power":[8,117],"systems":[9],"presents":[10],"both":[11],"challenges":[12],"and":[13,78,84,115,146,183],"opportunities":[14],"for":[15,31],"energy":[16,33,70,76,82,131,184,188],"management.":[17],"In":[18],"this":[19],"paper,":[20],"we":[21],"propose":[22],"a":[23,44,93,96,105,122,173],"two-level":[24],"hierarchical":[25,200],"model":[26],"predictive":[27],"control":[28,201],"(MPC)":[29],"framework":[30,171],"optimizing":[32],"transactions":[34],"in":[35],"bidirectional":[36,151],"charging":[37,114,152],"hubs,":[38],"focusing":[39],"on":[40,58],"load":[41,148],"shifting":[42],"as":[43,95],"long-term":[45,174],"demand":[46],"response":[47],"(DR)":[48],"strategy.":[49,202],"At":[50,101],"the":[51,68,75,102,113,129,178,195,198],"higher":[52,123],"level,":[53,104],"an":[54],"optimization":[55,60,107,168],"problem":[56,88,108],"based":[57],"portfolio":[59],"is":[61],"solved":[62],"every":[63],"15":[64],"minutes":[65],"to":[66,73,92,126,138,154,161,186],"determine":[67],"optimal":[69],"packets":[71,132],"allocated":[72],"EVs,":[74],"buffer,":[77],"grid":[79,85],"interactions,":[80],"considering":[81],"prices":[83],"demands.":[86],"This":[87],"can":[89],"be":[90],"relaxed":[91],"formulation":[94],"mixed-integer":[97],"linear":[98,110],"program":[99],"(MILP).":[100],"lower":[103],"quadratic":[106],"with":[109,121],"constraints":[111],"determines":[112],"discharging":[116],"each":[119],"EV":[120,157],"time":[124],"resolution":[125],"ensure":[127],"that":[128],"assigned":[130],"are":[133],"accurately":[134],"delivered":[135],"while":[136,159],"adhering":[137],"operational":[139],"constraints.":[140],"proposed":[142,199],"approach":[143],"enables":[144],"scalable":[145],"flexible":[147],"shifting,":[149],"allowing":[150],"hubs":[153],"manage":[155],"large-scale":[156],"fleets":[158],"contributing":[160],"DR":[162],"programs":[163],"efficiently.":[164],"Unlike":[165],"traditional":[166],"short-term":[167],"methods,":[169],"our":[170],"considers":[172],"planning":[175],"horizon,":[176],"exploiting":[177],"flexibility":[179],"provided":[180],"by":[181],"EVs":[182],"buffers":[185],"optimize":[187],"trading":[189],"decisions":[190],"dynamically.":[191],"Simulation":[192],"results":[193],"demonstrate":[194],"effectiveness":[196]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}