{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4283210700","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/meco55406.2022.9797224","title":"In-Vehicle Network Anomaly Detection Using Extreme Gradient Boosting Machine","display_name":"In-Vehicle Network Anomaly Detection Using Extreme Gradient Boosting Machine","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-06-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4283210700","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/meco55406.2022.9797224"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/meco55406.2022.9797224","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/meco55406.2022.9797224","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608204","display_name":"2022 11th Mediterranean Conference on Embedded Computing (MECO)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 11th Mediterranean Conference on Embedded Computing (MECO)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017519832","display_name":"Afia Anjum","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0687-7925"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189196454","display_name":"The University of Texas at Arlington","ror":"https://ror.org/019kgqr73","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189196454"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Afia Anjum","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Texas at Arlington,Arlington,TX,USA","University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Texas at Arlington,Arlington,TX,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189196454"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189196454"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037687036","display_name":"Paul Agbaje","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5037-8720"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189196454","display_name":"The University of Texas at Arlington","ror":"https://ror.org/019kgqr73","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189196454"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul Agbaje","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Texas at Arlington,Arlington,TX,USA","University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Texas at Arlington,Arlington,TX,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189196454"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189196454"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071512499","display_name":"Sena Hounsinou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4187-6135"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I888729015","display_name":"University of Colorado Colorado Springs","ror":"https://ror.org/054spjc55","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I888729015"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sena Hounsinou","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Colorado Colorado Springs,Colorado Springs,CO,USA","University of Colorado Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, CO, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Colorado Colorado Springs,Colorado Springs,CO,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I888729015"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Colorado Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, CO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I888729015"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071036966","display_name":"Habeeb Olufowobi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8959-2038"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189196454","display_name":"The University of Texas at Arlington","ror":"https://ror.org/019kgqr73","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189196454"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Habeeb Olufowobi","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Texas at Arlington,Arlington,TX,USA","University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Texas at Arlington,Arlington,TX,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189196454"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189196454"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5017519832"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189196454"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.4385,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97581356,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9919999837875366,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.9907000064849854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7495300769805908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/can-bus","display_name":"CAN bus","score":0.5575143098831177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly-detection","display_name":"Anomaly detection","score":0.5184192657470703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spoofing-attack","display_name":"Spoofing attack","score":0.46345943212509155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spark","display_name":"SPARK (programming language)","score":0.44196346402168274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrusion-detection-system","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","score":0.4275766611099243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/naive-bayes-classifier","display_name":"Naive Bayes classifier","score":0.41409367322921753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.4105628728866577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.40070587396621704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3950696885585785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3823551535606384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.33980792760849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.2634391188621521}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7495300769805908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201762086","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q728183","display_name":"CAN bus","level":2,"score":0.5575143098831177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C739882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3560506","display_name":"Anomaly detection","level":2,"score":0.5184192657470703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167900197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11081100","display_name":"Spoofing attack","level":2,"score":0.46345943212509155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781215313","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3493345","display_name":"SPARK (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.44196346402168274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.4275766611099243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52001869","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q812530","display_name":"Naive Bayes classifier","level":3,"score":0.41409367322921753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.4105628728866577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.40070587396621704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3950696885585785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3823551535606384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.33980792760849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.2634391188621521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/meco55406.2022.9797224","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/meco55406.2022.9797224","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608204","display_name":"2022 11th Mediterranean Conference on Embedded Computing (MECO)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 11th Mediterranean Conference on Embedded Computing (MECO)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W87635799","https://openalex.org/W1678356000","https://openalex.org/W2088794999","https://openalex.org/W2116520617","https://openalex.org/W2295598076","https://openalex.org/W2461378669","https://openalex.org/W2536935267","https://openalex.org/W2561208905","https://openalex.org/W2730943916","https://openalex.org/W2759891682","https://openalex.org/W2892564986","https://openalex.org/W2897929592","https://openalex.org/W2904456902","https://openalex.org/W2913402274","https://openalex.org/W2925113551","https://openalex.org/W2959120033","https://openalex.org/W2969696881","https://openalex.org/W2970148885","https://openalex.org/W2982902108","https://openalex.org/W2997711900","https://openalex.org/W3021269664","https://openalex.org/W3086224195","https://openalex.org/W3091724539","https://openalex.org/W3092232275","https://openalex.org/W3105105644","https://openalex.org/W3106212564","https://openalex.org/W3128883787","https://openalex.org/W3175018059","https://openalex.org/W3189315611","https://openalex.org/W3195503415","https://openalex.org/W3201422354","https://openalex.org/W3217196210","https://openalex.org/W4200567922","https://openalex.org/W4399647672","https://openalex.org/W6603557143","https://openalex.org/W6637404493","https://openalex.org/W6730663812","https://openalex.org/W6779453441","https://openalex.org/W6782957698","https://openalex.org/W6783292223","https://openalex.org/W6869608176"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2998478967","https://openalex.org/W2188559950","https://openalex.org/W2989910292","https://openalex.org/W3128793638","https://openalex.org/W2607818178","https://openalex.org/W2123299109","https://openalex.org/W2021230337","https://openalex.org/W3153057489","https://openalex.org/W2895823926","https://openalex.org/W2911634592"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Modern":[0],"vehicles":[1],"have":[2,35],"significantly":[3],"increased":[4],"the":[5,32,37,40,56,76,90,114,134,194,198],"number":[6],"of":[7,9,39,42,197,205],"Internet":[8,41],"Things":[10],"(IoT)":[11],"devices":[12,29],"called":[13],"electronic":[14],"control":[15],"units":[16],"(ECUs)":[17],"connected":[18],"by":[19,60],"in-vehicle":[20],"networks":[21],"to":[22,67,74,109,127,141],"provide":[23],"enhanced":[24],"features":[25],"and":[26,34,54,137,165,178,191],"safety.":[27],"These":[28],"communicate":[30],"with":[31,122,168],"environment":[33],"brought":[36],"notion":[38],"vehicles.":[43],"The":[44],"controller":[45],"area":[46],"network":[47],"(CAN)":[48],"bus":[49,78,156],"facilitates":[50],"efficient":[51],"ECU":[52],"communications":[53],"is":[55,65,72],"standard":[57,182],"protocol":[58],"used":[59],"every":[61],"vehicle,":[62],"but":[63],"it":[64,71],"susceptible":[66],"remote":[68],"attacks.":[69,180],"Consequently,":[70],"desirable":[73],"monitor":[75],"CAN":[77,115,155],"for":[79],"malicious":[80],"activities,":[81],"such":[82,172,184],"as":[83,173,185],"data":[84,116],"injection":[85],"attacks,":[86],"that":[87,99],"can":[88],"compromise":[89],"vehicular":[91],"operations.":[92],"We":[93,118,148],"present":[94],"an":[95,101,202],"anomaly":[96],"detection":[97,151],"technique":[98],"uses":[100],"extreme":[102],"gradient":[103],"boosting":[104],"machine":[105],"(GBM)":[106],"learning":[107],"algorithm":[108],"categorize":[110],"unexpected":[111],"occurrences":[112],"in":[113],"payload.":[117],"further":[119],"combine":[120],"GBM":[121],"a":[123,162],"ten-fold":[124],"cross-validation":[125],"method":[126],"improve":[128],"prediction":[129],"performance.":[130],"Moreover,":[131],"we":[132],"use":[133],"early":[135],"-stopping":[136],"grid":[138],"search":[139],"approaches":[140],"overcome":[142],"overfitting":[143],"without":[144],"affecting":[145],"model":[146,200],"accuracy.":[147],"evaluate":[149],"our":[150],"approach":[152],"on":[153],"real":[154],"datasets":[157],"collected":[158],"from":[159],"Hyundai":[160],"Sonata,":[161],"KIA":[163],"Soul,":[164],"Chevrolet":[166],"Spark":[167],"different":[169],"attack":[170],"scenarios,":[171],"Denial-of-Service":[174],"(DoS),":[175],"fuzzy,":[176],"spoofing,":[177],"malfunction":[179],"Using":[181],"metrics,":[183],"accuracy,":[186],"recall,":[187],"precision,":[188],"F1":[189],"score,":[190],"false-positive":[192],"rate,":[193],"performance":[195],"analysis":[196],"proposed":[199],"achieved":[201],"overall":[203],"accuracy":[204],"over":[206],"99":[207],"percent.":[208]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-14T08:04:32.555800","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
