{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2957201328","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/meco.2019.8760178","title":"Bitwise Neural Network Acceleration: Opportunities and Challenges","display_name":"Bitwise Neural Network Acceleration: Opportunities and Challenges","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2957201328","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/meco.2019.8760178","mag":"2957201328"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/meco.2019.8760178","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/meco.2019.8760178","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 8th Mediterranean Conference on Embedded Computing (MECO)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003327236","display_name":"Michel van Lier","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83019370","display_name":"Eindhoven University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02c2kyt77","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83019370"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michel van Lier","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83019370"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069322635","display_name":"Luc Waeijen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3491-0777"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83019370","display_name":"Eindhoven University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02c2kyt77","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83019370"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luc Waeijen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83019370"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081768631","display_name":"Henk Corporaal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4506-5732"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83019370","display_name":"Eindhoven University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02c2kyt77","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83019370"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Henk Corporaal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83019370"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83019370"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"abs 1810 11809","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11992","display_name":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8174212574958801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bitwise-operation","display_name":"Bitwise operation","score":0.7939270734786987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.6835964918136597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.636067271232605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bottleneck","display_name":"Bottleneck","score":0.5876965522766113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hardware-acceleration","display_name":"Hardware acceleration","score":0.5803871154785156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.532637357711792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.4796222150325775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.45589450001716614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/memory-bandwidth","display_name":"Memory bandwidth","score":0.41784971952438354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.4040483236312866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.3681008815765381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.24879878759384155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.23362252116203308}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8174212574958801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134765980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q879126","display_name":"Bitwise operation","level":2,"score":0.7939270734786987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.6835964918136597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.636067271232605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780513914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18210350","display_name":"Bottleneck","level":2,"score":0.5876965522766113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13164978","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q600158","display_name":"Hardware acceleration","level":3,"score":0.5803871154785156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.532637357711792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.4796222150325775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.45589450001716614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188045654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17148339","display_name":"Memory bandwidth","level":2,"score":0.41784971952438354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.4040483236312866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.3681008815765381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.24879878759384155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.23362252116203308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/meco.2019.8760178","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/meco.2019.8760178","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 8th Mediterranean Conference on Embedded Computing (MECO)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:915714","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://library.tue.nl/csp/dare/LinkToRepository.csp?recordnumber=915714","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406923046","display_name":"TU/e Research Portal (Eindhoven University of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:library.tue.nl:915714","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://repository.tue.nl/915714","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406923046","display_name":"TU/e Research Portal (Eindhoven University of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.tue.nl:openaire_cris_publications/f711fb93-92a5-4b82-aee8-4b3d6b6634eb","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://research.tue.nl/en/publications/f711fb93-92a5-4b82-aee8-4b3d6b6634eb","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922641","display_name":"TU/e Research Portal","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"van Lier, M, Waeijen, L & Corporaal, H 2019, Bitwise neural network acceleration : opportunities and challenges. in R Stojanovic, L Jozwiak, B Lutovac & D Jurisic (eds), 2019 8th Mediterranean Conference on Embedded Computing, MECO 2019 - Proceedings., 8760178, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Piscataway, 8th Mediterranean Conference on Embedded Computing, MECO 2019, Budva, Montenegro, 10/06/19. https://doi.org/10.1109/MECO.2019.8760178","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.tue.nl:publications/f711fb93-92a5-4b82-aee8-4b3d6b6634eb","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85073900868&partnerID=8YFLogxK","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922641","display_name":"TU/e Research Portal","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"van Lier, M, Waeijen, L & Corporaal, H 2019, Bitwise neural network acceleration : opportunities and challenges. in R Stojanovic, L Jozwiak, B Lutovac & D Jurisic (eds), 2019 8th Mediterranean Conference on Embedded Computing, MECO 2019 - Proceedings., 8760178, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Piscataway, 8th Mediterranean Conference on Embedded Computing, MECO 2019, Budva, Montenegro, 10/06/19. https://doi.org/10.1109/MECO.2019.8760178","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"},{"id":"pmh:tue:oai:pure.tue.nl:publications/f711fb93-92a5-4b82-aee8-4b3d6b6634eb","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://research.tue.nl/nl/publications/f711fb93-92a5-4b82-aee8-4b3d6b6634eb","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401843","display_name":"Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1322597698","host_organization_name":"Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322597698"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"2019 8th Mediterranean Conference on Embedded Computing, MECO 2019 - Proceedings","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferencepaper"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4699999988079071,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1836465849","https://openalex.org/W2122989035","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2260663238","https://openalex.org/W2300242332","https://openalex.org/W2419597278","https://openalex.org/W2495425901","https://openalex.org/W2557283755","https://openalex.org/W2762651727","https://openalex.org/W2886014761","https://openalex.org/W2949117887","https://openalex.org/W2963094099","https://openalex.org/W2963125010","https://openalex.org/W4232383452","https://openalex.org/W4297775537","https://openalex.org/W6678493590","https://openalex.org/W6684191040"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2595172197","https://openalex.org/W2084856301","https://openalex.org/W2772046059","https://openalex.org/W4319952061","https://openalex.org/W4280636456","https://openalex.org/W4388913998","https://openalex.org/W3189185542","https://openalex.org/W4310584535","https://openalex.org/W4295935044","https://openalex.org/W3159906349"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Real-time":[0],"inference":[1],"of":[2,89,93,115,166,179,188,205],"deep":[3],"convolutional":[4],"neural":[5,74,218],"networks":[6,75],"(CNNs)":[7],"on":[8,34,126,135],"embedded":[9,37],"systems":[10],"and":[11,23,50,85,96,184,214],"SoCs":[12],"would":[13],"enable":[14],"many":[15],"interesting":[16],"applications.":[17],"However":[18],"these":[19,116],"CNNs":[20,45],"are":[21],"computation":[22,98],"data":[24],"expensive,":[25],"making":[26],"it":[27],"difficult":[28],"to":[29,53,66,79,154,159,172],"execute":[30],"them":[31],"in":[32,64,149,216],"real-time":[33,156],"energy":[35,84],"constrained":[36,52],"platforms.":[38],"Resent":[39],"research":[40],"has":[41],"shown":[42],"that":[43],"light-weight":[44],"with":[46,107],"quantized":[47,69],"model":[48],"weights":[49],"activations":[51],"one":[54],"bit":[55],"only":[56,164],"{-1,+":[57],"1}":[58],"can":[59],"still":[60],"achieve":[61],"reasonable":[62],"accuracy,":[63],"comparison":[65,171],"the":[67,82,131,136,167,194,198,206,212],"non":[68],"32-bit":[70,174],"model.":[71],"These":[72],"binary":[73,147],"(BNNs)":[76],"theoretically":[77],"allow":[78],"drastically":[80],"reduce":[81],"required":[83],"run-time":[86],"by":[87,100],"reduction":[88,187],"memory":[90,94,195],"size,":[91],"number":[92],"accesses,":[95],"finally":[97],"power":[99],"replacing":[101],"expensive":[102],"two's":[103],"complement":[104],"arithmetic":[105],"operations":[106],"more":[108],"efficient":[109],"bitwise":[110,121,217],"versions.":[111],"To":[112],"make":[113],"use":[114],"advantages,":[117],"we":[118],"propose":[119],"a":[120,173,176,185],"CNN":[122],"accelerator":[123,209,220],"(BNNA)":[124],"mapped":[125],"an":[127],"FPGA.":[128],"We":[129],"implement":[130],"Hubara'16":[132],"network":[133,219],"[1]":[134],"Xilinx":[137],"Zynq-7020":[138],"SoC.":[139],"Massive":[140],"parallelism":[141],"is":[142,182,191,197],"achieved":[143],"performing":[144],"4608":[145],"parallel":[146],"MACs":[148],"total,":[150],"which":[151],"enables":[152],"us":[153],"archive":[155],"speed":[157,177],"up":[158,178],"110":[160],"fps,":[161],"while":[162],"using":[163],"22%":[165],"FPGA":[168],"LUTs.":[169],"In":[170],"network,":[175],"32":[180],"times":[181,190],"achieved,":[183,192],"resource":[186],"40":[189],"where":[193],"bandwidth":[196],"main":[199],"bottleneck.":[200],"The":[201],"provided":[202],"detailed":[203],"analysis":[204],"carefully":[207],"crafted":[208],"design":[210],"exposes":[211],"challenges":[213],"opportunities":[215],"design.":[221]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}