{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2884364581","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mdat.2024.3352537","title":"Spectre Returns! Speculation Attacks Using the Return Stack Buffer","display_name":"Spectre Returns! Speculation Attacks Using the Return Stack Buffer","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2884364581","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mdat.2024.3352537","mag":"2884364581"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mdat.2024.3352537","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mdat.2024.3352537","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210176427","display_name":"IEEE Design and Test","issn_l":"2168-2356","issn":["2168-2356","2168-2364"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Design &amp; Test","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1807.07940","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077842744","display_name":"Esmaeil Mohammadian Koruyeh","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I103635307","display_name":"University of California, Riverside","ror":"https://ror.org/03nawhv43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103635307"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210101778","display_name":"Samsung (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01bfbvm65","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250650973","https://openalex.org/I4210101778"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Esmaeil Mohammadian Koruyeh","raw_affiliation_strings":["B2B Department, Samsung Research America, Mountain View, CA, USA","Computer Science & Engineering Department, University of California, Riverside,"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6584-9086","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"B2B Department, Samsung Research America, Mountain View, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101778"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science & Engineering Department, University of California, Riverside,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103635307"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037831461","display_name":"Khaled N. Khasawneh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2116-2223"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I103635307","display_name":"University of California, Riverside","ror":"https://ror.org/03nawhv43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103635307"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162714631","display_name":"George Mason University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jqj7156","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khaled N. Khasawneh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE), George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA","Computer Science & Engineering Department, University of California, Riverside,"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2116-2223","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE), George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science & Engineering Department, University of California, Riverside,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103635307"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005972298","display_name":"Chengyu Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6617-3068"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I103635307","display_name":"University of California, Riverside","ror":"https://ror.org/03nawhv43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103635307"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chengyu Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA","Computer Science & Engineering Department, University of California, Riverside,"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6617-3068","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103635307"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science & Engineering Department, University of California, Riverside,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103635307"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059614371","display_name":"Nael Abu\u2010Ghazaleh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9485-5370"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I103635307","display_name":"University of California, Riverside","ror":"https://ror.org/03nawhv43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103635307"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nael Abu-Ghazaleh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA","Computer Science & Engineering Department, University of California, Riverside,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103635307"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science & Engineering Department, University of California, Riverside,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103635307"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5077842744"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103635307","https://openalex.org/I4210101778"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.3114,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":97,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92557632,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"41","issue":"2","first_page":"47","last_page":"55"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9894000291824341,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9861999750137329,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.828644871711731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8086786866188049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vulnerability","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","score":0.589583694934845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speculation","display_name":"Speculation","score":0.574203372001648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/buffer-overflow","display_name":"Buffer overflow","score":0.5671553015708923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/branch-predictor","display_name":"Branch predictor","score":0.565630316734314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microcode","display_name":"Microcode","score":0.5552873611450195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/xeon","display_name":"Xeon","score":0.5313010215759277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.500908613204956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kernel","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","score":0.47709590196609497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.46018514037132263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/xeon-phi","display_name":"Xeon Phi","score":0.45020216703414917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/x86","display_name":"x86","score":0.44211941957473755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speculative-execution","display_name":"Speculative execution","score":0.4174245595932007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.18326091766357422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.08818119764328003}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.828644871711731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8086786866188049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.589583694934845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47941915","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107885","display_name":"Speculation","level":2,"score":0.574203372001648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40842320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19423","display_name":"Buffer overflow","level":2,"score":0.5671553015708923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168522837","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679552","display_name":"Branch predictor","level":2,"score":0.565630316734314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22174128","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175869","display_name":"Microcode","level":2,"score":0.5552873611450195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145108525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q656154","display_name":"Xeon","level":2,"score":0.5313010215759277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.500908613204956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74193536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574844","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.47709590196609497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.46018514037132263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96972482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1049168","display_name":"Xeon Phi","level":2,"score":0.45020216703414917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170723468","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182933","display_name":"x86","level":3,"score":0.44211941957473755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141331961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2164465","display_name":"Speculative execution","level":2,"score":0.4174245595932007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.18326091766357422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.08818119764328003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/mdat.2024.3352537","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mdat.2024.3352537","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210176427","display_name":"IEEE Design and Test","issn_l":"2168-2356","issn":["2168-2356","2168-2364"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Design &amp; Test","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1807.07940","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1807.07940","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1807.07940","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:2884364581","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1807.07940","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","raw_type":null},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.1807.07940","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1807.07940","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1807.07940","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1807.07940","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1807.07940","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2363194","https://openalex.org/W1447175589","https://openalex.org/W1535810264","https://openalex.org/W1934458198","https://openalex.org/W2088760722","https://openalex.org/W2097778649","https://openalex.org/W2105349588","https://openalex.org/W2106728965","https://openalex.org/W2113145722","https://openalex.org/W2130363691","https://openalex.org/W2156484396","https://openalex.org/W2166293920","https://openalex.org/W2255548496","https://openalex.org/W2521042077","https://openalex.org/W2532499458","https://openalex.org/W2621336173","https://openalex.org/W2625850712","https://openalex.org/W2664885055","https://openalex.org/W2781723315","https://openalex.org/W2783037428","https://openalex.org/W2785607367","https://openalex.org/W2791034507","https://openalex.org/W2807403537","https://openalex.org/W2962986039","https://openalex.org/W2998050556","https://openalex.org/W3015216799","https://openalex.org/W3036557299","https://openalex.org/W3080411185","https://openalex.org/W3083271878","https://openalex.org/W3096867085","https://openalex.org/W3213572793","https://openalex.org/W4242926647","https://openalex.org/W4288086178","https://openalex.org/W6756740455","https://openalex.org/W6762600926"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3097990693","https://openalex.org/W2883613460","https://openalex.org/W2962986039","https://openalex.org/W2963311060","https://openalex.org/W1427174644","https://openalex.org/W2868863044","https://openalex.org/W2903910116","https://openalex.org/W2888798936","https://openalex.org/W2964590009","https://openalex.org/W2810584084","https://openalex.org/W1488058190","https://openalex.org/W2912742709","https://openalex.org/W2791034507","https://openalex.org/W2564856904","https://openalex.org/W1934458198","https://openalex.org/W2981343730","https://openalex.org/W2664885055","https://openalex.org/W2978325751","https://openalex.org/W2931030580","https://openalex.org/W2562036180"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Modern":[0],"microprocessors":[1],"frequently":[2],"use":[3,101],"speculative":[4],"execution,":[5],"which":[6],"can":[7],"be":[8],"exploited":[9],"to":[10,116],"exfiltrate":[11],"sensitive":[12],"data":[13],"across":[14],"protection":[15],"boundaries.":[16],"This":[17],"paper":[18,66],"introduces":[19],"SpectreRSB,":[20],"a":[21],"new":[22],"Spectre-class":[23],"attack":[24],"that":[25,51,78],"exploits":[26],"the":[27,40,58,74,100],"return":[28],"stack":[29],"buffer":[30],"(RSB).":[31],"Unlike":[32],"previous":[33],"attacks,":[34,48],"SpectreRSB":[35,52,96,126],"does":[36],"not":[37,93],"rely":[38],"on":[39,63,73,106,110],"branch":[41],"predictor":[42],"unit.":[43],"Through":[44],"proof":[45],"of":[46,71,102],"concept":[47],"we":[49],"demonstrate":[50],"enables":[53],"both":[54],"local":[55],"attacks":[56,62,72],"within":[57],"same":[59],"process":[60],"and":[61,76,88,113],"SGX.":[64],"The":[65],"also":[67],"analyzes":[68],"additional":[69],"types":[70],"kernel":[75],"shows":[77],"they":[79],"are":[80],"possible":[81],"under":[82],"widely":[83],"used":[84],"conditions.":[85],"Importantly,":[86],"Retpoline":[87],"Intel\u2019s":[89],"microcode":[90],"patches":[91,105],"do":[92],"stop":[94],"all":[95,107],"attacks.":[97,132],"We":[98],"recommend":[99],"RSB":[103],"refilling":[104],"machines,":[108],"especially":[109],"Core-i7":[111],"Skylake":[112],"newer":[114],"processors,":[115],"protect":[117],"against":[118,130],"SpectreRSB.":[119],"In":[120],"conclusion,":[121],"system":[122],"developers":[123],"must":[124],"consider":[125],"when":[127],"developing":[128],"defenses":[129],"speculation":[131]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
