{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4385250791","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mdat.2023.3298805","title":"Securing CRYSTALS-Kyber in FPGA Using Duplication and Clock Randomization","display_name":"Securing CRYSTALS-Kyber in FPGA Using Duplication and Clock Randomization","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-07-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4385250791","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mdat.2023.3298805"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mdat.2023.3298805","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mdat.2023.3298805","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210176427","display_name":"IEEE Design and Test","issn_l":"2168-2356","issn":["2168-2356","2168-2364"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Design &amp; Test","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-344612","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087700053","display_name":"Michail Moraitis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0278-5986"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86987016","display_name":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/026vcq606","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michail Moraitis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm, Sweden","Department of Electrical Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) Electrum 229, Stockholm, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0278-5986","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) Electrum 229, Stockholm, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102977428","display_name":"Yanning Ji","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4973-7412"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86987016","display_name":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/026vcq606","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanning Ji","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm, Sweden","Department of Electrical Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) Electrum 229, Stockholm, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4973-7412","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) Electrum 229, Stockholm, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068380883","display_name":"Martin Brisfors","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2349-3920"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86987016","display_name":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/026vcq606","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martin Brisfors","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm, Sweden","Department of Electrical Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) Electrum 229, Stockholm, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2349-3920","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) Electrum 229, Stockholm, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011438358","display_name":"Elena Dubrova","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7382-9408"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86987016","display_name":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/026vcq606","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elena Dubrova","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm, Sweden","Department of Electrical Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) Electrum 229, Stockholm, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7382-9408","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) Electrum 229, Stockholm, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062024943","display_name":"Niklas Lindskog","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3905-0040"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1306339040","display_name":"Ericsson (Sweden)","ror":"https://ror.org/05a7rhx54","country_code":"SE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1306339040"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Niklas Lindskog","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ericsson Research&#x2014;Platform Security Ericsson AB, Lund, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ericsson Research&#x2014;Platform Security Ericsson AB, Lund, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1306339040"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075943945","display_name":"H\u00e5kan Englund","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4777-6132"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1306339040","display_name":"Ericsson (Sweden)","ror":"https://ror.org/05a7rhx54","country_code":"SE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1306339040"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"H\u00e5kan Englund","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ericsson Research&#x2014;Platform Security Ericsson AB, Lund, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ericsson Research&#x2014;Platform Security Ericsson AB, Lund, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1306339040"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.4276,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84377455,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"41","issue":"5","first_page":"7","last_page":"16"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.6423856019973755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/randomization","display_name":"Randomization","score":0.5582667589187622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5319367051124573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gene-duplication","display_name":"Gene duplication","score":0.46653276681900024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.33625784516334534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.330892950296402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.32275569438934326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arithmetic","display_name":"Arithmetic","score":0.32079431414604187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2136838436126709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.1798616349697113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.13862329721450806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genetics","display_name":"Genetics","score":0.1177789568901062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internal-medicine","display_name":"Internal medicine","score":0.10234043002128601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clinical-trial","display_name":"Clinical trial","score":0.09484019875526428}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.6423856019973755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204243189","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1363085","display_name":"Randomization","level":3,"score":0.5582667589187622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5319367051124573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7602840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q746284","display_name":"Gene duplication","level":3,"score":0.46653276681900024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.33625784516334534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.330892950296402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.32275569438934326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.32079431414604187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2136838436126709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.1798616349697113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.13862329721450806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.1177789568901062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.10234043002128601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C535046627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30612","display_name":"Clinical trial","level":2,"score":0.09484019875526428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/mdat.2023.3298805","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mdat.2023.3298805","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210176427","display_name":"IEEE Design and Test","issn_l":"2168-2356","issn":["2168-2356","2168-2364"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Design &amp; Test","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:DiVA.org:kth-344612","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-344612","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401560","display_name":"KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:DiVA.org:kth-344612","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-344612","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401560","display_name":"KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5,"display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2375762657","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020-11632","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324296","funder_display_name":"Myndigheten f\u00f6r Samh\u00e4llsskydd och Beredskap"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8271627792","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021-02426","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321030","funder_display_name":"VINNOVA"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321030","display_name":"VINNOVA","ror":"https://ror.org/01kd5m353"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324296","display_name":"Myndigheten f\u00f6r Samh\u00e4llsskydd och Beredskap","ror":"https://ror.org/04cz2yk65"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W3049114471","https://openalex.org/W3135053459","https://openalex.org/W3201868317","https://openalex.org/W3202406541","https://openalex.org/W4213241679","https://openalex.org/W4361983685","https://openalex.org/W4382541846","https://openalex.org/W4384009490","https://openalex.org/W4385187377","https://openalex.org/W4387319508","https://openalex.org/W6847171506"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4388014327","https://openalex.org/W2115382138","https://openalex.org/W1883409887","https://openalex.org/W2367076742","https://openalex.org/W2349742942","https://openalex.org/W4328050637","https://openalex.org/W2776829638","https://openalex.org/W2064495883","https://openalex.org/W2122664375","https://openalex.org/W2106870860"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"CRYSTALS-Kyber":[0,19,40],"has":[1],"been":[2],"selected":[3],"for":[4],"standardization":[5],"by":[6],"NIST":[7],"as":[8],"a":[9,43,58,72],"post-quantum":[10],"public-key":[11],"encryption":[12],"and":[13,65],"key":[14],"establishment":[15],"algorithm.":[16],"Therefore":[17],"developing":[18],"implementations":[20],"resistant":[21,93],"to":[22,38,46,94],"side-channel":[23,48,97],"attacks":[24],"is":[25,92],"necessary.":[26],"In":[27],"this":[28],"paper,":[29],"we":[30],"propose":[31],"using":[32],"duplication":[33],"combined":[34],"with":[35],"clock":[36,67],"randomization":[37],"secure":[39],"FPGA":[41,52,82],"implementations;":[42],"countermeasure":[44,59],"shown":[45],"ensure":[47],"resistance":[49],"of":[50,56,75],"AES":[51],"implementations.":[53],"The":[54],"advantages":[55],"such":[57],"include":[60],"universal":[61],"coverage,":[62],"glitch":[63],"immunity,":[64],"zero":[66],"cycle":[68],"overhead.":[69],"We":[70],"present":[71],"protected":[73],"version":[74],"Kyber768":[76],"based":[77],"on":[78],"the":[79],"most":[80],"efficient":[81],"implementation":[83],"publicly":[84],"available.":[85],"Our":[86],"security":[87],"evaluation":[88],"shows":[89],"that":[90],"it":[91],"deep":[95],"learning-based":[96],"analysis.":[98]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
