{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414348292","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mcomstd.2025.3606165","title":"Semantic Non-Terrestrial Communications With Open RAN-Enabled 6G","display_name":"Semantic Non-Terrestrial Communications With Open RAN-Enabled 6G","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-09-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414348292","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mcomstd.2025.3606165"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mcomstd.2025.3606165","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mcomstd.2025.3606165","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210170334","display_name":"IEEE Communications Standards Magazine","issn_l":"2471-2825","issn":["2471-2825","2471-2833"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Standards Magazine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MCOMSTD.2025.3606165","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047991903","display_name":"Engin Zeydan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3329-0588"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087295","display_name":"Centre Tecnologic de Telecomunicacions de Catalunya","ror":"https://ror.org/001cwea56","country_code":"ES","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087295","https://openalex.org/I4387153040"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Engin Zeydan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre Tecnològic de Telecomunicacions de Catalunya (CTTC), Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3329-0588","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre Tecnològic de Telecomunicacions de Catalunya (CTTC), Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087295"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5094055286","display_name":"Luis Blanco","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3757-8319"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087295","display_name":"Centre Tecnologic de Telecomunicacions de Catalunya","ror":"https://ror.org/001cwea56","country_code":"ES","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087295","https://openalex.org/I4387153040"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luis Blanco","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre Tecnològic de Telecomunicacions de Catalunya (CTTC), Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3757-8319","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre Tecnològic de Telecomunicacions de Catalunya (CTTC), Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087295"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022825651","display_name":"Cristian J. Vaca-Rubio","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9713-2784"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087295","display_name":"Centre Tecnologic de Telecomunicacions de Catalunya","ror":"https://ror.org/001cwea56","country_code":"ES","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087295","https://openalex.org/I4387153040"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cristian J. Vaca-Rubio","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre Tecnològic de Telecomunicacions de Catalunya (CTTC), Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9713-2784","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre Tecnològic de Telecomunicacions de Catalunya (CTTC), Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087295"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067959444","display_name":"M\u00e0rius Caus","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1722-6319"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087295","display_name":"Centre Tecnologic de Telecomunicacions de Catalunya","ror":"https://ror.org/001cwea56","country_code":"ES","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087295","https://openalex.org/I4387153040"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marius Caus","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre Tecnològic de Telecomunicacions de Catalunya (CTTC), Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1722-6319","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre Tecnològic de Telecomunicacions de Catalunya (CTTC), Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087295"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064768354","display_name":"Kapal Dev","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1262-8594"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100923","display_name":"Munster Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/013xpqh61","country_code":"IE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100923"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kapal Dev","raw_affiliation_strings":["CONNECT Centre and the Department of Computer Science, Munster Technological University, Cork, Ireland","Department of Computer Science, CONNECT Centre, Munster Technological University, Cork, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1262-8594","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CONNECT Centre and the Department of Computer Science, Munster Technological University, Cork, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100923"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, CONNECT Centre, Munster Technological University, Cork, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100923"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6534,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.68023603,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"4","first_page":"72","last_page":"78"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10796","display_name":"Cooperative Communication and Network Coding","score":0.9930999875068665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latency","display_name":"Latency (audio)","score":0.6080999970436096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.5623999834060669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.4708999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.42809998989105225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intersection","display_name":"Intersection (aeronautics)","score":0.40779998898506165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","score":0.40529999136924744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enabling","display_name":"Enabling","score":0.38909998536109924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantic-feature","display_name":"Semantic feature","score":0.37139999866485596}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8130999803543091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.6080999970436096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.5623999834060669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.5098999738693237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.4708999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.42809998989105225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64543145","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162942","display_name":"Intersection (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.40779998898506165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.40529999136924744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22607594","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5375150","display_name":"Enabling","level":2,"score":0.38909998536109924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3849000036716461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781122975","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16928266","display_name":"Semantic feature","level":2,"score":0.37139999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165064840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.36340001225471497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.362199991941452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.36000001430511475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12269588","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132364","display_name":"Communications protocol","level":2,"score":0.3278000056743622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85407183","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1045785","display_name":"Semantic network","level":2,"score":0.3240000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q639681","display_name":"Network architecture","level":2,"score":0.3199999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192126672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1068715","display_name":"Telecommunications network","level":2,"score":0.3089999854564667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.29499998688697815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12725497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","level":2,"score":0.28209999203681946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.2727999985218048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78548338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2493","display_name":"Data compression","level":2,"score":0.266400009393692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.25999999046325684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.2556999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C774472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6760393","display_name":"Margin (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.2524999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778493491","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7449072","display_name":"Semantic matching","level":3,"score":0.25189998745918274}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/mcomstd.2025.3606165","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mcomstd.2025.3606165","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210170334","display_name":"IEEE Communications Standards Magazine","issn_l":"2471-2825","issn":["2471-2825","2471-2833"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Standards Magazine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:zenodo.org:18313961","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MCOMSTD.2025.3606165","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Standards Magazine, (2025-09)","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/other"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:zenodo.org:18313961","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MCOMSTD.2025.3606165","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Standards Magazine, (2025-09)","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/other"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2943477456","https://openalex.org/W3196904463","https://openalex.org/W4312766166","https://openalex.org/W4319303157","https://openalex.org/W4322761281","https://openalex.org/W4386260598","https://openalex.org/W4390887455","https://openalex.org/W4392410934","https://openalex.org/W4399525892","https://openalex.org/W4400409675","https://openalex.org/W4401539187","https://openalex.org/W4408697418"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"<p>The":[0],"integration":[1],"of":[2,81],"semantic":[3,134],"communication":[4],"with<br>Open":[5],"Radio":[6],"Access":[7],"Network":[8],"(O-RAN)-enabled":[9],"Non-Terrestrial<br>Networks":[10],"(NTN)":[11],"is":[12],"a":[13,48,100],"key":[14],"enabler":[15],"for":[16,121,140],"6G,":[17],"optimizing":[18],"band-<br>width":[19],"efficiency,":[20],"Artificial":[21],"Intelligence":[22],"(AI)-native":[23],"inference":[24,76],"and<br>intelligent":[25],"satellite-terrestrial":[26],"integration.":[27],"Unlike":[28],"traditional":[29],"bit-<br>level":[30],"transmission,":[31],"semantic-aware":[32,84],"networks":[33],"extract":[34],"and":[35,41,60,93,124],"transmit<br>only":[36],"meaningful":[37],"information,":[38],"reducing":[39],"overhead":[40],"improving<br>the":[42],"adaptability.":[43],"This":[44],"paper":[45,128],"presents":[46],"SEM-NTN,":[47],"semantic-<br>aware":[49],"O-RAN-enabled":[50],"NTN":[51],"framework,":[52],"that":[53,66,80],"leverages":[54],"AI-<br>driven":[55],"feature":[56],"extraction,":[57],"adaptive":[58],"compression,":[59],"dynamic<br>resource":[61],"allocation.":[62],"Simulation":[63],"results":[64],"show":[65],"SEM-NTN<br>reduces":[67],"transmission":[68],"delay":[69,102],"by":[70,130],"up":[71,87],"to":[72,79,88],"87.5%":[73],"while":[74],"maintaining<br>AI":[75],"accuracy":[77],"close":[78],"full-quality":[82],"compression.<br>Notably,":[83],"compression":[85],"achieves":[86],"84.6%":[89],"mean<br>Average":[90],"Precision":[91],"(mAP)":[92],"77.6%":[94],"mean":[95],"Intersection":[96],"over<br>Union":[97],"(mIoU)":[98],"under":[99],"5ms":[101],"constraint–closely":[103],"matching":[104],"the<br>uniform":[105],"baseline":[106],"(85%":[107],"mAP,":[108],"78%":[109],"mIoU)":[110],"but":[111],"with":[112],"significantly<br>improved":[113],"latency":[114],"performance.":[115],"These":[116],"findings":[117],"highlight":[118],"SEM-<br>NTN’s":[119],"potential":[120],"scalable,":[122],"low-latency,":[123],"resource-efficient<br>6G":[125],"communications.":[126],"The":[127],"concludes":[129],"outlining":[131],"key<br>challenges":[132],"in":[133],"protocol":[135],"design,":[136],"real-time":[137],"adaptation,":[138],"and<br>standardization":[139],"AI-native":[141],"network":[142],"integration.</p>":[143]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}