{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412030619","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mcomstd.2025.3584703","title":"WFL: Edge-Enabled Weighted Federated Learning for Securing Heterogeneous Networks","display_name":"WFL: Edge-Enabled Weighted Federated Learning for Securing Heterogeneous Networks","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412030619","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mcomstd.2025.3584703"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mcomstd.2025.3584703","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mcomstd.2025.3584703","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210170334","display_name":"IEEE Communications Standards Magazine","issn_l":"2471-2825","issn":["2471-2825","2471-2833"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Standards Magazine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.open-access.bcu.ac.uk/16505/1/Federated_Learning_6_Pages_4500_words_35_.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072773792","display_name":"Muhammad Ajmal Azad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1707-018X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12870472","display_name":"Birmingham City University","ror":"https://ror.org/00t67pt25","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12870472"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Ajmal Azad","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, U.K","School of Computer Science, Birmingham City University, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1707-018X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12870472"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Birmingham City University, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12870472"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088617561","display_name":"Ali Kashif Bashir","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2601-9327"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11983389","display_name":"Manchester Metropolitan University","ror":"https://ror.org/02hstj355","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11983389"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ali Kashif Bashir","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing and Mathematics, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, U.K","Manchester Metropolitan University, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2601-9327","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing and Mathematics, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11983389"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Manchester Metropolitan University, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11983389"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054830021","display_name":"R. Muhammad Atif Azad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4013-5415"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12870472","display_name":"Birmingham City University","ror":"https://ror.org/00t67pt25","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12870472"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R. Muhammad Atif Azad","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, U.K","School of Computer Science, Birmingham City University, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4013-5415","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12870472"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Birmingham City University, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12870472"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023820143","display_name":"Syed Attique Shah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2949-7391"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12870472","display_name":"Birmingham City University","ror":"https://ror.org/00t67pt25","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12870472"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Syed Attique Shah","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, U.K","School of Computer Science, Birmingham City University, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2949-7391","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12870472"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Birmingham City University, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12870472"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.07594773,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"1","first_page":"10","last_page":"17"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9491999745368958,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9491999745368958,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9283999800682068,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.6800126433372498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.624657392501831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/federated-learning","display_name":"Federated learning","score":0.4174864590167999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.35622161626815796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.29143935441970825}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.6800126433372498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.624657392501831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992525071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50818671","display_name":"Federated learning","level":2,"score":0.4174864590167999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.35622161626815796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.29143935441970825}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/mcomstd.2025.3584703","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mcomstd.2025.3584703","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210170334","display_name":"IEEE Communications Standards Magazine","issn_l":"2471-2825","issn":["2471-2825","2471-2833"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Standards Magazine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:www.open-access.bcu.ac.uk:16505","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":"https://www.open-access.bcu.ac.uk/16505/1/Federated_Learning_6_Pages_4500_words_35_.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402654","display_name":"BCU Open Access Repository (Birmingham City University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I12870472","host_organization_name":"Birmingham City University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12870472"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:e-space.mmu.ac.uk:641815","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1707-018X","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401617","display_name":"e-space (Manchester Metropolitan University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I11983389","host_organization_name":"Manchester Metropolitan University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11983389"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:figshare.com:article/32549676","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/WFL_Edge-Enabled_Weighted_Federated_Learning_for_Securing_Heterogenous_Networks/32549676","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:www.open-access.bcu.ac.uk:16505","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":"https://www.open-access.bcu.ac.uk/16505/1/Federated_Learning_6_Pages_4500_words_35_.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402654","display_name":"BCU Open Access Repository (Birmingham City University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I12870472","host_organization_name":"Birmingham City University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12870472"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4412030619.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4412030619.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W4298221930","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2777914285","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W3176937389","https://openalex.org/W4408069290"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,85,119,165,205],"operational":[1],"aspects":[2],"of":[3,6,61,137,142,156,227,242,257,268,272],"the":[4,12,45,102,113,123,134,149,153,157,161,177,184,194,246,260,266,270,278],"Internet":[5],"Things":[7],"(IoT)":[8],"are":[9,181],"dependent":[10],"on":[11,209],"security":[13,90],"measures":[14],"deployed":[15],"to":[16,116,131,173,183,198],"ensure":[17],"user":[18,21],"privacy,":[19],"protect":[20],"data":[22,49,159,170,190],"and":[23,51,63,76,105,111,176,202,215,235,244,274,285],"prevent":[24],"smart":[25],"devices":[26,43],"from":[27,40,191],"being":[28],"exploited":[29],"for":[30,48,74],"malicious":[31,236],"activities.":[32],"Traditional":[33],"Intrusion":[34],"Detection":[35],"Systems":[36],"often":[37],"require":[38],"collaboration":[39],"many":[41],"individual":[42],"in":[44,59,82,276],"centralised":[46,54,106,120],"system":[47,121],"processing":[50],"decision-making.":[52],"However,":[53],"systems":[55,108],"have":[56],"some":[57],"limitations":[58],"terms":[60],"privacy":[62,81,168,284],"scalability.":[64],"This":[65,146],"paper":[66],"proposes":[67],"a":[68,127,224],"federated":[69],"learning-based":[70],"(FL)":[71],"distributed":[72],"framework":[73,86,166,195,247],"detecting":[75],"mitigating":[77],"intrusion":[78,93,228,254],"while":[79,282],"ensuring":[80],"IoT":[83],"networks.":[84],"integrates":[87],"two":[88],"key":[89],"components:":[91],"an":[92,239,252],"detection":[94,255],"module":[95],"that":[96,109,148],"employs":[97],"Neural":[98],"Networks":[99],"(NN)":[100],"at":[101,160],"edge":[103,117,163,174],"device,":[104],"aggregation":[107,185],"aggregate":[110],"coordinate":[112],"aggregated":[114],"model":[115,125,151,280],"devices.":[118],"computes":[122],"global":[124,150],"using":[126],"weighted":[128],"averaging":[129],"mechanism":[130],"accurately":[132],"represent":[133,223],"relative":[135],"importance":[136,267],"each":[138,143],"device\u2019s":[139,144],"local":[140,172],"model.":[141],"contribution.":[145],"ensures":[147,167],"is":[152,207],"complete":[154],"representation":[155],"overall":[158,279],"collaborating":[162],"nodes.":[164],"as":[169,231],"remains":[171],"devices,":[175],"machine":[178],"learning":[179],"models":[180],"exchanged":[182],"server.":[186],"By":[187],"supporting":[188],"heterogeneous":[189,210,220],"various":[192],"sources,":[193],"demonstrates":[196,248],"adaptability":[197],"diverse":[199],"attack":[200],"patterns":[201],"device":[203],"behaviours.":[204,237],"evaluation":[206],"conducted":[208],"datasets,":[211],"including":[212],"CICIDS2017,":[213],"UNSW-NB15,":[214],"KDD":[216],"Cup":[217],"99":[218],"under":[219],"scenarios,":[221,229],"which":[222],"wide":[225],"range":[226],"such":[230],"DDoS,":[232],"Botnet":[233],"activities":[234],"With":[238],"increased":[240],"number":[241,271],"iterations":[243,275],"collaborators,":[245],"improved":[249],"performance,":[250],"achieving":[251],"average":[253],"accuracy":[256],"99%":[258],"across":[259],"three":[261],"datasets.":[262],"These":[263],"results":[264],"highlight":[265],"both":[269],"collaborators":[273],"improving":[277],"performance":[281],"preserving":[283],"minimising":[286],"communication":[287],"overhead.":[288]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}