{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4396881125","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mcomstd.0003.2300018","title":"A Vision of 6G URLLC: Physical-Layer Technologies and Enablers","display_name":"A Vision of 6G URLLC: Physical-Layer Technologies and Enablers","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-05-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4396881125","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mcomstd.0003.2300018"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mcomstd.0003.2300018","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mcomstd.0003.2300018","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210170334","display_name":"IEEE Communications Standards Magazine","issn_l":"2471-2825","issn":["2471-2825","2471-2833"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Standards Magazine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/preview/2613668/2613660AAM.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008104933","display_name":"Azadeh Pourkabirian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6153-6819"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110525433","display_name":"Islamic Azad University, Tehran","ror":"https://ror.org/01kzn7k21","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110525433"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Azadeh Pourkabirian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Islamic Azad University,Iran","Islamic Azad University, Iran"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Islamic Azad University,Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110525433"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Islamic Azad University, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110525433"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034722172","display_name":"Mohammad Sadegh Kordafshari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3463-4680"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110525433","display_name":"Islamic Azad University, Tehran","ror":"https://ror.org/01kzn7k21","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110525433"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Sadegh Kordafshari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Islamic Azad University,Iran","Islamic Azad University, Iran"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Islamic Azad University,Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110525433"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Islamic Azad University, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110525433"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063414144","display_name":"Anish Jindal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3052-2892"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I190082696","display_name":"Durham University","ror":"https://ror.org/01v29qb04","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I190082696"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anish Jindal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Durham University,United Kingdom","Durham University, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Durham University,United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I190082696"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Durham University, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I190082696"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054251799","display_name":"Mohammad Hossein Anisi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8414-2708"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110002522","display_name":"University of Essex","ror":"https://ror.org/02nkf1q06","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110002522"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Hossein Anisi","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Essex,Colchester,United Kingdom","University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Essex,Colchester,United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110002522"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110002522"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.8488,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":38,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96212543,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"2","first_page":"20","last_page":"27"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9922999739646912,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/general-partnership","display_name":"General partnership","score":0.6164229512214661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6114961504936218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.5231260657310486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-layer","display_name":"Physical layer","score":0.5213964581489563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latency","display_name":"Latency (audio)","score":0.48886507749557495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-latency","display_name":"Low latency (capital markets)","score":0.48758071660995483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.47877752780914307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/3rd-generation-partnership-project-2","display_name":"3rd Generation Partnership Project 2","score":0.4350253939628601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systems-engineering","display_name":"Systems engineering","score":0.39087745547294617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.36295223236083984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-analysis","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","score":0.34025993943214417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.33818644285202026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.22130796313285828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.16622179746627808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.16089901328086853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.1328195333480835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.11952582001686096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.10461744666099548}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71750763","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q646164","display_name":"General partnership","level":2,"score":0.6164229512214661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6114961504936218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5231260657310486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19247436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192727","display_name":"Physical layer","level":3,"score":0.5213964581489563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.48886507749557495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46637626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6693015","display_name":"Low latency (capital markets)","level":2,"score":0.48758071660995483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.47877752780914307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177782964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q229785","display_name":"3rd Generation Partnership Project 2","level":3,"score":0.4350253939628601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.39087745547294617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.36295223236083984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.34025993943214417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.33818644285202026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.22130796313285828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.16622179746627808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.16089901328086853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.1328195333480835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.11952582001686096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.10461744666099548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138660444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5607897","display_name":"Telecommunications link","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/mcomstd.0003.2300018","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mcomstd.0003.2300018","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210170334","display_name":"IEEE Communications Standards Magazine","issn_l":"2471-2825","issn":["2471-2825","2471-2833"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Standards Magazine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:durham-repository.worktribe.com:2613660","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/output/2613660","pdf_url":"https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/preview/2613668/2613660AAM.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400188","display_name":"Durham Research Online (Durham University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I190082696","host_organization_name":"Durham University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I190082696"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:durham-repository.worktribe.com:2613660","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/output/2613660","pdf_url":"https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/preview/2613668/2613660AAM.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400188","display_name":"Durham Research Online (Durham University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I190082696","host_organization_name":"Durham University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I190082696"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","score":0.550000011920929}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4396881125.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4396881125.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2051773775","https://openalex.org/W2796181329","https://openalex.org/W2944821496","https://openalex.org/W3005347223","https://openalex.org/W3041653465","https://openalex.org/W3098347096","https://openalex.org/W3114093483","https://openalex.org/W3157372124","https://openalex.org/W3204125881","https://openalex.org/W3212677559","https://openalex.org/W3213255289","https://openalex.org/W4285678630","https://openalex.org/W4319459145","https://openalex.org/W4360976947","https://openalex.org/W4385194850"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2072108294","https://openalex.org/W4385187351","https://openalex.org/W3166249044","https://openalex.org/W3205411230","https://openalex.org/W4286899009","https://openalex.org/W3163341049","https://openalex.org/W9168048","https://openalex.org/W4300849822","https://openalex.org/W4376480820","https://openalex.org/W3155891479"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"anticipated":[1,116],"advent":[2],"of":[3,9,76,86,97,108,166,169,184],"6G":[4,32,146],"communication":[5,26,36,48],"holds":[6],"the":[7,42,53,60,84,87,95,122,128,139,151,167,181],"promise":[8],"enabling":[10],"mission-critical":[11],"applications":[12],"such":[13],"as":[14,50,91],"traffic":[15],"detection,":[16],"forest":[17],"fire":[18],"recognition,":[19],"emergency":[20],"search":[21],"and":[22,24,65,99,114,126,138,153],"rescue,":[23],"widespread":[25],"broadcasting.":[27],"To":[28],"fulfill":[29],"these":[30],"services,":[31],"demands":[33],"a":[34,163],"robust":[35],"framework":[37],"with":[38],"minimal":[39],"latency.":[40,100],"While":[41],"current":[43,110],"fifth-generation":[44],"(5G)":[45],"ultra-reliable":[46],"low-latency":[47],"(URLLC)":[49],"defined":[51],"by":[52,156],"3rd":[54],"Generation":[55],"Partnership":[56],"Project":[57],"(3GPP),":[58],"provides":[59],"requisite":[61],"reliability":[62,98],"(99.99":[63],"percent)":[64],"latency":[66],"(<":[67],"1ms)":[68],"to":[69,93,144],"support":[70],"existing":[71],"applications,":[72],"many":[73],"foundational":[74],"aspects":[75],"URLLC":[77,112,124,132],"remain":[78],"uncertain.":[79],"Therefore,":[80],"upcoming":[81],"networks":[82],"necessitate":[83],"integration":[85],"next-generation":[88],"URLLC,":[89],"known":[90],"xURLLC,":[92],"attain":[94],"pinnacle":[96],"In":[101],"this":[102],"article,":[103],"we":[104,135,149,174],"present":[105],"an":[106],"overview":[107],"both":[109],"5G":[111],"technologies":[113],"those":[115],"for":[117,180],"6G.":[118],"We":[119],"succinctly":[120],"delineate":[121],"essential":[123],"requirements,":[125],"scrutinize":[127],"prevailing":[129],"limitations":[130],"in":[131,162],"design.":[133],"Subsequently,":[134],"spotlight":[136],"xURLLC":[137,159],"groundbreaking":[140],"physical-layer":[141],"techniques":[142],"poised":[143],"define":[145],"URLLC.":[147,185],"Additionally,":[148],"assess":[150],"opportunities":[152],"challenges":[154],"presented":[155],"each":[157,170],"key":[158],"driver,":[160],"engaging":[161],"comprehensive":[164],"discussion":[165],"efficacy":[168],"proposed":[171],"solution.":[172],"Finally,":[173],"put":[175],"forth":[176],"future":[177],"research":[178],"directions":[179],"next":[182],"generation":[183]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
