{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4206700475","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mcom.211.2100164","title":"MIMO Evolution toward 6G: Modular Massive MIMO in Low-Frequency Bands","display_name":"MIMO Evolution toward 6G: Modular Massive MIMO in Low-Frequency Bands","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4206700475","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mcom.211.2100164"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mcom.211.2100164","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mcom.211.2100164","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S158797327","display_name":"IEEE Communications Magazine","issn_l":"0163-6804","issn":["0163-6804","1558-1896"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Magazine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102945295","display_name":"Jeongho Jeon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0293-9516"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133173","display_name":"Research!America (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/044pgyv50","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133173"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210101778","display_name":"Samsung (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01bfbvm65","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250650973","https://openalex.org/I4210101778"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jeongho Jeon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Samsung Research America"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Samsung Research America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101778","https://openalex.org/I4210133173"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086506895","display_name":"Gilwon Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2135-8768"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210101778","display_name":"Samsung (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01bfbvm65","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250650973","https://openalex.org/I4210101778"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133173","display_name":"Research!America (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/044pgyv50","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133173"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gilwon Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Samsung Research America"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Samsung Research America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101778","https://openalex.org/I4210133173"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078357335","display_name":"Ahmad Asrul Ibrahim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4997-3578"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210101778","display_name":"Samsung (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01bfbvm65","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250650973","https://openalex.org/I4210101778"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133173","display_name":"Research!America (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/044pgyv50","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133173"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmad A.I. Ibrahim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Samsung Research America"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Samsung Research America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101778","https://openalex.org/I4210133173"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100603554","display_name":"Jin Yuan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5803-6626"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210101778","display_name":"Samsung (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01bfbvm65","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250650973","https://openalex.org/I4210101778"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133173","display_name":"Research!America (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/044pgyv50","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133173"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jin Yuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Samsung Research America"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Samsung Research America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101778","https://openalex.org/I4210133173"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079558422","display_name":"Gary Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2009-4879"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210101778","display_name":"Samsung (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01bfbvm65","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250650973","https://openalex.org/I4210101778"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133173","display_name":"Research!America (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/044pgyv50","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133173"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gary Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Samsung Research America"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Samsung Research America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101778","https://openalex.org/I4210133173"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071193170","display_name":"Joonyoung Cho","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4515-7576"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210101778","display_name":"Samsung (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01bfbvm65","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250650973","https://openalex.org/I4210101778"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133173","display_name":"Research!America (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/044pgyv50","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133173"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joonyoung Cho","raw_affiliation_strings":["Samsung Research America"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Samsung Research America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101778","https://openalex.org/I4210133173"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004965245","display_name":"E.N. Onggosanusi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210101778","display_name":"Samsung (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01bfbvm65","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250650973","https://openalex.org/I4210101778"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133173","display_name":"Research!America (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/044pgyv50","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133173"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eko Onggosanusi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Samsung Research America"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Samsung Research America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101778","https://openalex.org/I4210133173"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072398739","display_name":"Younsun Kim","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210101778","display_name":"Samsung (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01bfbvm65","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250650973","https://openalex.org/I4210101778"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Younsun Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Samsung Research"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Samsung Research","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101778"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100680420","display_name":"Juho Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0347-6998"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210101778","display_name":"Samsung (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01bfbvm65","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250650973","https://openalex.org/I4210101778"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Juho Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Samsung Research"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Samsung Research","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101778"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027617505","display_name":"Jianzhong Charlie Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210101778","display_name":"Samsung (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01bfbvm65","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250650973","https://openalex.org/I4210101778"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133173","display_name":"Research!America (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/044pgyv50","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133173"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianzhong Charlie Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Samsung Research America"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Samsung Research America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101778","https://openalex.org/I4210133173"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":10,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5102945295"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101778","https://openalex.org/I4210133173"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.3894,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":84,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96455599,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"59","issue":"11","first_page":"52","last_page":"58"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10069","display_name":"Antenna Design and Analysis","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7488898038864136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimo","display_name":"MIMO","score":0.6670123338699341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modular-design","display_name":"Modular design","score":0.6148491501808167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radio-spectrum","display_name":"Radio spectrum","score":0.61393141746521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antenna","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","score":0.5904796719551086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/commercialization","display_name":"Commercialization","score":0.5641183853149414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.5295924544334412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectral-efficiency","display_name":"Spectral efficiency","score":0.5128490924835205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cellular-network","display_name":"Cellular network","score":0.454850971698761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.4240614175796509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frequency-band","display_name":"Frequency band","score":0.41322994232177734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radio-frequency","display_name":"Radio frequency","score":0.4109358787536621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.32892906665802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.09774413704872131}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7488898038864136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.6670123338699341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101468663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1620158","display_name":"Modular design","level":2,"score":0.6148491501808167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92545706","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q902174","display_name":"Radio spectrum","level":2,"score":0.61393141746521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21822782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","level":2,"score":0.5904796719551086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780625559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5152592","display_name":"Commercialization","level":2,"score":0.5641183853149414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.5295924544334412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137246740","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q583970","display_name":"Spectral efficiency","level":3,"score":0.5128490924835205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153646914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535695","display_name":"Cellular network","level":2,"score":0.454850971698761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.4240614175796509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778116611","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25110567","display_name":"Frequency band","level":3,"score":0.41322994232177734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74064498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3396184","display_name":"Radio frequency","level":2,"score":0.4109358787536621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.32892906665802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.09774413704872131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/mcom.211.2100164","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mcom.211.2100164","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S158797327","display_name":"IEEE Communications Magazine","issn_l":"0163-6804","issn":["0163-6804","1558-1896"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Magazine","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.5699999928474426,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2087998432","https://openalex.org/W2159637866","https://openalex.org/W2267240598","https://openalex.org/W2286275639","https://openalex.org/W2620738205","https://openalex.org/W2797535556","https://openalex.org/W2919829050","https://openalex.org/W2962935525","https://openalex.org/W2963145597","https://openalex.org/W2963673880","https://openalex.org/W3013109042","https://openalex.org/W3099019646"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2786534237","https://openalex.org/W2583418925","https://openalex.org/W3125936868","https://openalex.org/W2980078855","https://openalex.org/W2982073957","https://openalex.org/W2584407738","https://openalex.org/W2573375498","https://openalex.org/W2962706271","https://openalex.org/W2256562079","https://openalex.org/W2118396577"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"the":[1,11,14,40,51,54,68,72,148,169,181,190,200,207,215],"pace":[2],"of":[3,53,92,150,171,192,209,218],"global":[4],"5G":[5,47,76],"network":[6],"deployments":[7],"accelerates,":[8],"now":[9],"is":[10,30,114,126,197,220],"moment":[12],"for":[13,36,77,183],"cellular":[15,20,55],"industry":[16],"to":[17,38,59,118,129,179],"realize":[18],"6G":[19,37,69,184,210],"communication.":[21],"In":[22,166,187],"this":[23,63,167],"article,":[24,168],"modular":[25],"massive":[26,105,151],"multiple-in-put":[27],"multiple-output":[28],"(mmMIMO)":[29],"presented":[31],"as":[32],"one":[33],"candidate":[34],"technology":[35,128,182,201],"improve":[39],"spectral":[41],"efficiency":[42],"in":[43,67,75,87,94,110,156],"low-frequency":[44,78,83,111,157],"bands.":[45],"The":[46],"New":[48],"Radio":[49],"pushed":[50],"boundary":[52],"system's":[56],"operating":[57],"frequency":[58],"high-frequen-cy":[60],"bands,":[61,112],"and":[62,175],"trend":[64],"will":[65],"continue":[66],"era.":[70],"However,":[71],"technical":[73],"advances":[74],"bands":[79,84,158],"fall":[80],"short,":[81],"although":[82],"are":[85,185],"crucial":[86],"serving":[88],"a":[89,95,119,127,131,193],"large":[90,120,132],"number":[91],"users":[93],"wide":[96],"coverage":[97],"area.":[98],"Although":[99],"it":[100,113,196],"would":[101],"be":[102,108,154,203],"ideal":[103],"if":[104],"MIMO":[106,152],"could":[107],"utilized":[109],"less":[115],"practical":[116],"due":[117],"antenna":[121,134,139],"form":[122],"factor":[123],"size.":[124],"mmMIMO":[125,219],"distribute":[130],"active":[133],"array":[135],"with":[136],"smaller":[137],"standardized":[138],"modules,":[140],"just":[141],"like":[142],"Lego-type":[143],"building":[144],"blocks.":[145],"Through":[146],"this,":[147],"benefits":[149],"can":[153,202],"achieved":[155],"(e.g.,":[159],"sub-1":[160],"GHz),":[161],"unconstrained":[162],"by":[163,222],"spatial":[164],"limitations.":[165],"concept":[170],"mmMIMO,":[172],"its":[173],"applicability,":[174],"needed":[176],"research":[177],"efforts":[178],"standardize":[180],"discussed.":[186],"addition,":[188],"through":[189],"demonstration":[191],"proof-of-concept":[194],"system,":[195],"shown":[198],"that":[199],"within":[204],"reach":[205],"at":[206],"time":[208],"commercialization":[211],"around":[212],"2030.":[213],"Lastly,":[214],"performance":[216],"gain":[217],"evidenced":[221],"system-level":[223],"simulation.":[224]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
