{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2770997863","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mcom.2018.1700666","title":"Multi-Tier Drone Architecture for 5G/B5G Cellular Networks: Challenges, Trends, and Prospects","display_name":"Multi-Tier Drone Architecture for 5G/B5G Cellular Networks: Challenges, Trends, and Prospects","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2770997863","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mcom.2018.1700666","mag":"2770997863"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mcom.2018.1700666","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mcom.2018.1700666","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S158797327","display_name":"IEEE Communications Magazine","issn_l":"0163-6804","issn":["0163-6804","1558-1896"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Magazine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1711.08407","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059764675","display_name":"Silvia Sekander","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I46247651","display_name":"University of Manitoba","ror":"https://ror.org/02gfys938","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I46247651"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Silvia Sekander","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Manitoba"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Manitoba","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I46247651"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039708717","display_name":"Hina Tabassum","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1201-478X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I46247651","display_name":"University of Manitoba","ror":"https://ror.org/02gfys938","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I46247651"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hina Tabassum","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Manitoba"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Manitoba","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I46247651"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089270885","display_name":"Ekram Hossain","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5932-6887"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I46247651","display_name":"University of Manitoba","ror":"https://ror.org/02gfys938","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I46247651"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ekram Hossain","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Manitoba"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Manitoba","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I46247651"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5059764675"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I46247651"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":18.1994,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98476238,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"56","issue":"3","first_page":"96","last_page":"103"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9962999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.9646000266075134,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drone","display_name":"Drone","score":0.9778416156768799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cellular-network","display_name":"Cellular network","score":0.7117444276809692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6841152310371399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications-link","display_name":"Telecommunications link","score":0.5662054419517517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base-station","display_name":"Base station","score":0.5256703495979309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.5135088562965393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.49608907103538513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectral-efficiency","display_name":"Spectral efficiency","score":0.4914659261703491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-network","display_name":"Wireless network","score":0.4282488226890564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.41562482714653015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.35353347659111023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.3266560435295105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.26782292127609253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.2241843044757843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.13770189881324768}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59519942","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q650665","display_name":"Drone","level":2,"score":0.9778416156768799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153646914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535695","display_name":"Cellular network","level":2,"score":0.7117444276809692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6841152310371399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138660444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5607897","display_name":"Telecommunications link","level":2,"score":0.5662054419517517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.5256703495979309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.5135088562965393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.49608907103538513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137246740","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q583970","display_name":"Spectral efficiency","level":3,"score":0.4914659261703491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108037233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11375","display_name":"Wireless network","level":3,"score":0.4282488226890564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.41562482714653015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.35353347659111023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.3266560435295105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.26782292127609253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.2241843044757843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.13770189881324768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/mcom.2018.1700666","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mcom.2018.1700666","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S158797327","display_name":"IEEE Communications Magazine","issn_l":"0163-6804","issn":["0163-6804","1558-1896"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Magazine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1711.08407","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1711.08407","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1711.08407","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:2770997863","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1711.08407.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","raw_type":null},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.1711.08407","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1711.08407","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1711.08407","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1711.08407","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1711.08407","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2770997863.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2770997863.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2031834036","https://openalex.org/W2206930994","https://openalex.org/W2268751503","https://openalex.org/W2289204537","https://openalex.org/W2340982237","https://openalex.org/W2412503523","https://openalex.org/W2467239853","https://openalex.org/W2521710942","https://openalex.org/W2962886534","https://openalex.org/W2964313027","https://openalex.org/W6689334447","https://openalex.org/W6691453802","https://openalex.org/W6730540804","https://openalex.org/W7039264021"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3048896556","https://openalex.org/W2289204537","https://openalex.org/W2886836235","https://openalex.org/W3046205796","https://openalex.org/W3211877166","https://openalex.org/W2804200729","https://openalex.org/W3104996399","https://openalex.org/W3031133730","https://openalex.org/W3044817033","https://openalex.org/W3011391744","https://openalex.org/W3191530677","https://openalex.org/W218204833","https://openalex.org/W3109409495","https://openalex.org/W2610662805","https://openalex.org/W2110327236","https://openalex.org/W3092628553","https://openalex.org/W2910063969","https://openalex.org/W2909384234","https://openalex.org/W3213970494","https://openalex.org/W2997446203"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Drones":[0],"(or":[1],"unmanned":[2],"aerial":[3],"vehicles)":[4],"are":[5],"expected":[6],"to":[7],"be":[8,175],"an":[9],"important":[10],"component":[11],"of":[12,31,48,66,127,134,137,147,163,172,179,182],"5G/":[13],"beyond":[14],"5G":[15],"(B5G)":[16],"cellular":[17,106,120,188],"architectures":[18],"that":[19],"can":[20,84,174],"potentially":[21,85],"facilitate":[22],"wireless":[23],"broadcast":[24],"or":[25],"point-to-multipoint":[26],"transmissions.":[27],"The":[28],"distinct":[29],"features":[30],"various":[32],"drones":[33,148,173],"such":[34],"as":[35,102,104],"the":[36,46,64,78,87,95,111,125,142,156],"maximum":[37],"operational":[38],"altitude,":[39],"communication,":[40],"coverage,":[41],"computation,":[42],"and":[43,76,118,145,166],"endurance":[44],"impel":[45],"use":[47],"a":[49,128],"multi-tier":[50,67,99,129],"architecture":[51,70],"for":[52,185],"future":[53],"dronecell":[54],"networks.":[55,91,107,121,189],"In":[56],"this":[57,59],"context,":[58],"article":[60],"focuses":[61],"on":[62],"investigating":[63],"feasibility":[65],"drone":[68,74,82,100,116,130],"network":[69,131,158],"over":[71],"traditional":[72,88],"single-tier":[73],"networks":[75,83,101,117],"identifying":[77],"scenarios":[79],"in":[80,115,132,149],"which":[81],"complement":[86],"RF-based":[89],"terrestrial":[90,187],"We":[92,108,122],"first":[93],"identify":[94],"challenges":[96],"associated":[97],"with":[98],"well":[103],"drone-assisted":[105,119],"then":[109,123],"review":[110],"existing":[112],"state-of-the-art":[113],"innovations":[114],"investigate":[124],"performance":[126],"terms":[133,178],"spectral":[135,180],"efficiency":[136,181],"downlink":[138,183],"transmission":[139],"while":[140],"illustrating":[141],"optimal":[143],"intensity":[144,165],"altitude":[146],"different":[150],"tiers":[151],"numerically.":[152],"Our":[153],"results":[154],"demonstrate":[155],"specific":[157],"load":[159],"conditions":[160],"(i.e.,":[161],"ratio":[162],"user":[164],"base":[167],"station":[168],"intensity)":[169],"where":[170],"deployment":[171],"beneficial":[176],"(in":[177],"transmission)":[184],"conventional":[186]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}